Human Anatomy, 9th Edition
(2026-2027)
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,Anatomy The discipline of anatomy is important to
understand the link between human structure and
function.
Anatomical Information It describes external and internal structures of the
body and considers probable function.
Histology The branch of science that studies groups of
specialized cells and how they work together.
Cytology The analysis of the smallest units of life.
Surface Anatomy The anatomical specialty that refers to the study of
general form and superficial anatomical markings.
Regional Anatomy The study of all of the superficial and internal
features in a specific area of the body.
Systemic Anatomy The study of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Embryology The study of the early processes during the first
two months of development from conception.
Radiography The study of structures through specialized
imaging techniques, such as ultrasounds or x-
rays.
Gross Anatomical Specialties Includes radiographic and surgical anatomy.
Clinical Anatomy The study of anatomical features that may
undergo recognizable pathological changes during
illness.
,Cross-sectional Anatomy A new subspecialty of gross anatomy as new
advances, such as computed tomography, have
emerged.
Homeostatic Conditions Disease is the failure to maintain homeostatic
conditions.
Highest Level of Organization The highest level of organization is organs.
Pathology The study of disease.
Levels of Complexity The correct arrangement of items from highest to
lowest level of complexity is organism, organ
system, tissue, cellular, chemical or molecular.
Basic Functions of Living Humans Include excretion, metabolism, growth and
differentiation, and movement.
Responsiveness The vital ability of an organism to take certain
actions when changes occur in its immediate
environment.
Metabolism Refers to all the chemical operations under way in
the body.
Excretion Involves elimination of unnecessary or potentially
harmful materials metabolic waste from the body.
Growth and Differentiation Often include specialization of individual cells,
increase in cell size, increase in cell numbers, and
changes in form and function.
skeletal system Support, protection of soft tissues, mineral
storage, and blood cell formation.
, nervous system Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually
by coordinating the activities of other organ
systems.
integumentary system The major functions are temperature control and
protection of the body from external environmental
hazards.
blood cell production The primary site is within the skeletal system.
urinary system Components include ureters and kidneys.
organ systems Anatomical units with related functions, formed by
two or more organs, often large enough to be
studied without magnification, interdependent on
each other.
thymus The primary function is to control the development
and maintenance of one class of lymphocytes.
kidneys Primary functions include forming and
concentrating urine, regulating blood pH and ion
concentrations, and performing endocrine
functions.
reproduction The process of creating subsequent generations,
either unicellular or multicellular.
differentiation The process of cellular specialization to perform
particular functions.
movement The property of living things to transport food,
blood, or other materials inside the body.
endocrine system Contains glandular structures that direct long-term
changes in the activities of other organ systems.