Fleeson
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situational factors are minimal, personality traits shape larger chunks of
behaviour
Factors of mood disorders
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,Genetics
- 65% concordance rates for identical twins, 14% for fraternal twins
- creates a predisposition, environmental factors likely determine if the
disorder develops
- stronger genetic influence for bipolar than unipolar
- genetic mapping is inconsistent; constellation of many genes
Neurochemical
- heredity may create predisposition; abnormal levels of serotonin and
norepinephrine (others may be possible); drug therapies affect availability
of those chemicals
- structural abnormalities; depression and reduced hippocampal volume;
memory; 8-10% smaller; suppression of neurogenesis might be the cause;
serotonin promotes neurogenesis
Hormonal Factors
- HPA axis; one of 2 stress pathways; releases cortisol which is elevated in
depressed patients
Dispositional Factors
- Perfectionism: self-oriented, other-oriented, socially-prescribed
- Aaron Beck: two personality styles are related to depression; sociotropic
(please others, avoid interpersonal problems); autonomous (independence
and self-achievement)
- Blatt: introjective personality orientation; excessive self-criticism and
overdependence on others
- personality variables operate as vulnerabilities in response to stressors
related to that specific disposition
Cognitive Factors
- Aaron Beck- negative cognitive triad: negative views of themselves, world
and future; dysfunctional schemas
- Martin Seligman: learned helplessness
- pessimistic explanatory style: attribute setbacks to personal flaws
- hopelessness theory: many factors including pessimistic explanatory style,
high stress, low self-esteem, etc.
- emphasize importance of cognitive reactions
- rumination increases negative thinking, impairing problem-solving,
undermining social support
- cognitive models: negative thinking is what causes depression
Stress
- link between stress and mood disorders is moderately strong; stress also
, affects how people respond to treatment and whether they relapse
- impact of stress varies in part because of varied vulnerability
Social influence tactics
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- Foot in the door technique
- Reciprocity norm: pay it forward
- Low ball technique: getting someone to commit to an attractive proposal
before it's hidden costs are revealed
Affective forecasting
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predict one's emotional reactions to future events; unreliable
Insight therapies
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verbal, increase insight, possible solutions, greatest improvement in early
treatment (13-18 weekly sessions); evaluation is subjective, effects are
reasonably durable, equal efficacy as drug therapy
Psychoanalysis - inner conflicts id, ego, superego, defence mechanisms,
unconscious; resistance - largely unconscious defence mechanisms;
transference - helpful, relationships can be reenacted
Free association - expression of thoughts/feelings
, Client-centred therapy - Rogers; work together as equals, supportive
emotional climate, alleviates incongruence
Cross-sectional
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groups of different ages at a single point in time
Group productivity and decision making
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Producitivity declines in larger groups
- reduced efficiency; loss of coordination
- social loafing; reduction in effort
Decision making
- risky shift: groups arrived at riskier decisions than individuals
- group polarization: group discussion strengthens a group's dominant
point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that
direction
- groupthink: members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the
expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision; major blunders;
suspend critical judgement; censors dissent; us vs them; confirmation bias;
individuals often fail to share information unique to them; more likely when
there is high group cohensiveness, in isolation, when power structure is
dominate by a strong, decisive leader, when group is under stress to make
a major decision
- group cohensiveness - strength of the liking relationships linking group
members
Give this one a try later!
situational factors are minimal, personality traits shape larger chunks of
behaviour
Factors of mood disorders
Give this one a try later!
,Genetics
- 65% concordance rates for identical twins, 14% for fraternal twins
- creates a predisposition, environmental factors likely determine if the
disorder develops
- stronger genetic influence for bipolar than unipolar
- genetic mapping is inconsistent; constellation of many genes
Neurochemical
- heredity may create predisposition; abnormal levels of serotonin and
norepinephrine (others may be possible); drug therapies affect availability
of those chemicals
- structural abnormalities; depression and reduced hippocampal volume;
memory; 8-10% smaller; suppression of neurogenesis might be the cause;
serotonin promotes neurogenesis
Hormonal Factors
- HPA axis; one of 2 stress pathways; releases cortisol which is elevated in
depressed patients
Dispositional Factors
- Perfectionism: self-oriented, other-oriented, socially-prescribed
- Aaron Beck: two personality styles are related to depression; sociotropic
(please others, avoid interpersonal problems); autonomous (independence
and self-achievement)
- Blatt: introjective personality orientation; excessive self-criticism and
overdependence on others
- personality variables operate as vulnerabilities in response to stressors
related to that specific disposition
Cognitive Factors
- Aaron Beck- negative cognitive triad: negative views of themselves, world
and future; dysfunctional schemas
- Martin Seligman: learned helplessness
- pessimistic explanatory style: attribute setbacks to personal flaws
- hopelessness theory: many factors including pessimistic explanatory style,
high stress, low self-esteem, etc.
- emphasize importance of cognitive reactions
- rumination increases negative thinking, impairing problem-solving,
undermining social support
- cognitive models: negative thinking is what causes depression
Stress
- link between stress and mood disorders is moderately strong; stress also
, affects how people respond to treatment and whether they relapse
- impact of stress varies in part because of varied vulnerability
Social influence tactics
Give this one a try later!
- Foot in the door technique
- Reciprocity norm: pay it forward
- Low ball technique: getting someone to commit to an attractive proposal
before it's hidden costs are revealed
Affective forecasting
Give this one a try later!
predict one's emotional reactions to future events; unreliable
Insight therapies
Give this one a try later!
verbal, increase insight, possible solutions, greatest improvement in early
treatment (13-18 weekly sessions); evaluation is subjective, effects are
reasonably durable, equal efficacy as drug therapy
Psychoanalysis - inner conflicts id, ego, superego, defence mechanisms,
unconscious; resistance - largely unconscious defence mechanisms;
transference - helpful, relationships can be reenacted
Free association - expression of thoughts/feelings
, Client-centred therapy - Rogers; work together as equals, supportive
emotional climate, alleviates incongruence
Cross-sectional
Give this one a try later!
groups of different ages at a single point in time
Group productivity and decision making
Give this one a try later!
Producitivity declines in larger groups
- reduced efficiency; loss of coordination
- social loafing; reduction in effort
Decision making
- risky shift: groups arrived at riskier decisions than individuals
- group polarization: group discussion strengthens a group's dominant
point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that
direction
- groupthink: members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the
expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision; major blunders;
suspend critical judgement; censors dissent; us vs them; confirmation bias;
individuals often fail to share information unique to them; more likely when
there is high group cohensiveness, in isolation, when power structure is
dominate by a strong, decisive leader, when group is under stress to make
a major decision
- group cohensiveness - strength of the liking relationships linking group
members
