NSG 170 CORE REVIEW EXAMS QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Correlation of Dyspnea Classification With Performance of ADLs: Class I - ✔✔No
significant restrictions in normal activity. Employable. Dyspnea occurs only on more-
than-normal or strenuous exertion.
✔✔Correlation of Dyspnea Classification With Performance of ADLs: Class II -
✔✔Independent in essential ADLs but restricted in some other activities. Dyspneic on
climbing stairs or on walking on an incline but not on level walking. Employable only for
sedentary job or under special circumstances.
✔✔Correlation of Dyspnea Classification With Performance of ADLs: Class III -
✔✔Dyspnea commonly occurs during usual activities such as showering or dressing,
but the patient can manage without assistance from others. Not dyspneic at rest; can
walk for more than a city block at own pace but cannot keep up with others of own age.
May stop to catch breath partway up a flight of stairs. Is not likely to be employed.
✔✔Correlation of Dyspnea Classification With Performance of ADLs: Class IV -
✔✔Dyspnea produces dependence on help in some essential ADLs such as dressing
and bathing. Not usually dyspneic at rest. Dyspneic on minimal exertion; must pause on
climbing one flight, walking more than 100 yards, or dressing. Often restricted to home if
lives alone. Has minimal or no activities outside of home.
✔✔Correlation of Dyspnea Classification With Performance of ADLs: Class V -
✔✔Entirely restricted to home and often limited to bed or chair. Dyspneic at rest.
Dependent on help for most needs.
✔✔Correlation of Dyspnea Classification With Performance of ADLs: ADL KEY - ✔✔4:
No breathlessness, normal.
3: Satisfactory, mild breathlessness. Complete performance is possible without pause
or assistance but not entirely normal.
,2: Fair, moderate breathlessness. Must stop during activity. Complete performance is
possible without assistance, but performance may be too debilitating or time consuming.
1: Poor, marked breathlessness. Incomplete performance; assistance is necessary.
0: Performance not indicated or recommended; too difficult.
✔✔Fine crackles
Fine rales
High-pitched rales - ✔✔Popping, discontinuous sounds caused by air moving into
previously deflated airways; sounds like hair being rolled between fingers near the ear
"Velcro" sounds late in inspiration usually associated with restrictive disorders
✔✔Fine crackles
Fine rales
High-pitched rales: Associated Illnesses - ✔✔Asbestosis
Atelectasis
Interstitial fibrosis
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Chronic pulmonary diseases
✔✔Coarse crackles
Low-pitched crackles - ✔✔Lower-pitched, coarse, rattling sounds caused by fluid or
secretions in large airways; likely to change with coughing or suctioning
✔✔Coarse crackles
Low-pitched crackles: Associated Illnesses - ✔✔Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Tumors
Pulmonary edema
✔✔Wheeze - ✔✔Squeaky, musical, continuous sounds associated with air rushing
through narrowed airways; may be heard without a stethoscope
Arise from the small airways
Usually do not clear with coughing
, ✔✔Wheeze: Associated Illnesses - ✔✔Inflammation
Bronchospasm (bronchial asthma)
Edema
Secretions
Pulmonary vessel engorgement (as in cardiac "asthma")
✔✔Rhonchus (rhonchi) - ✔✔Lower-pitched, coarse, continuous snoring sounds
Arise from the large airways
✔✔Rhonchus (rhonchi): Associated Illnesses - ✔✔Thick, tenacious secretions
Sputum production
Obstruction by foreign body
Tumors
✔✔Pleural friction rub - ✔✔Loud, rough, grating, scratching sounds caused by the
inflamed surfaces of the pleura rubbing together; often associated with pain on deep
inspirations
Heard in lateral lung fields
✔✔Pleural friction rub: Associated Illnesses - ✔✔Pleurisy
Tuberculosis
Pulmonary infarction
Pneumonia
Lung cancer
✔✔Red Blood Cells - ✔✔Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
✔✔Red Blood Cells: Normal Range - ✔✔Females: 4.2-5.4 million/mm3, or 4.2-5.4 ×
1012/L
Males: 4.7-6.1 million/mm3, or 4.7-6.1 × 1012/L
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Correlation of Dyspnea Classification With Performance of ADLs: Class I - ✔✔No
significant restrictions in normal activity. Employable. Dyspnea occurs only on more-
than-normal or strenuous exertion.
✔✔Correlation of Dyspnea Classification With Performance of ADLs: Class II -
✔✔Independent in essential ADLs but restricted in some other activities. Dyspneic on
climbing stairs or on walking on an incline but not on level walking. Employable only for
sedentary job or under special circumstances.
✔✔Correlation of Dyspnea Classification With Performance of ADLs: Class III -
✔✔Dyspnea commonly occurs during usual activities such as showering or dressing,
but the patient can manage without assistance from others. Not dyspneic at rest; can
walk for more than a city block at own pace but cannot keep up with others of own age.
May stop to catch breath partway up a flight of stairs. Is not likely to be employed.
✔✔Correlation of Dyspnea Classification With Performance of ADLs: Class IV -
✔✔Dyspnea produces dependence on help in some essential ADLs such as dressing
and bathing. Not usually dyspneic at rest. Dyspneic on minimal exertion; must pause on
climbing one flight, walking more than 100 yards, or dressing. Often restricted to home if
lives alone. Has minimal or no activities outside of home.
✔✔Correlation of Dyspnea Classification With Performance of ADLs: Class V -
✔✔Entirely restricted to home and often limited to bed or chair. Dyspneic at rest.
Dependent on help for most needs.
✔✔Correlation of Dyspnea Classification With Performance of ADLs: ADL KEY - ✔✔4:
No breathlessness, normal.
3: Satisfactory, mild breathlessness. Complete performance is possible without pause
or assistance but not entirely normal.
,2: Fair, moderate breathlessness. Must stop during activity. Complete performance is
possible without assistance, but performance may be too debilitating or time consuming.
1: Poor, marked breathlessness. Incomplete performance; assistance is necessary.
0: Performance not indicated or recommended; too difficult.
✔✔Fine crackles
Fine rales
High-pitched rales - ✔✔Popping, discontinuous sounds caused by air moving into
previously deflated airways; sounds like hair being rolled between fingers near the ear
"Velcro" sounds late in inspiration usually associated with restrictive disorders
✔✔Fine crackles
Fine rales
High-pitched rales: Associated Illnesses - ✔✔Asbestosis
Atelectasis
Interstitial fibrosis
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Chronic pulmonary diseases
✔✔Coarse crackles
Low-pitched crackles - ✔✔Lower-pitched, coarse, rattling sounds caused by fluid or
secretions in large airways; likely to change with coughing or suctioning
✔✔Coarse crackles
Low-pitched crackles: Associated Illnesses - ✔✔Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Tumors
Pulmonary edema
✔✔Wheeze - ✔✔Squeaky, musical, continuous sounds associated with air rushing
through narrowed airways; may be heard without a stethoscope
Arise from the small airways
Usually do not clear with coughing
, ✔✔Wheeze: Associated Illnesses - ✔✔Inflammation
Bronchospasm (bronchial asthma)
Edema
Secretions
Pulmonary vessel engorgement (as in cardiac "asthma")
✔✔Rhonchus (rhonchi) - ✔✔Lower-pitched, coarse, continuous snoring sounds
Arise from the large airways
✔✔Rhonchus (rhonchi): Associated Illnesses - ✔✔Thick, tenacious secretions
Sputum production
Obstruction by foreign body
Tumors
✔✔Pleural friction rub - ✔✔Loud, rough, grating, scratching sounds caused by the
inflamed surfaces of the pleura rubbing together; often associated with pain on deep
inspirations
Heard in lateral lung fields
✔✔Pleural friction rub: Associated Illnesses - ✔✔Pleurisy
Tuberculosis
Pulmonary infarction
Pneumonia
Lung cancer
✔✔Red Blood Cells - ✔✔Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
✔✔Red Blood Cells: Normal Range - ✔✔Females: 4.2-5.4 million/mm3, or 4.2-5.4 ×
1012/L
Males: 4.7-6.1 million/mm3, or 4.7-6.1 × 1012/L
