N352 Exam 2 Questions and Correct Answers
Cancer Pathophysiology
genetic mutation of cell DNA (can be acquired or inherited) ->
proliferation (cell division) and differentiation (cell specialization) become defective ->
no cell division limit and lack of contact inhibition (cancer cells multiply rapidly), attack
healthy cells and invade surrounding cells, no apoptosis (programmed cell death)
hyperplasia -> metaplasia -> dysplasia -> anaplasia -> neoplasia
Hyperplasia (Cancer)
increase in number of new cells
Metaplasia (Cancer)
cell transformation
will change shape and sometimes function
precursor to dyspalsia
Dysplasia (Cancer)
abnormal cell growth
cell size and shape vary greatly
very loosely organized (lack of contact inhibition, non-uniform)
Anaplasia (Cancer)
cells in a tumor that have become severely immature, losing their original specialized features
and reverting to a primitive, undifferentiated state
Neoplasia (Cancer)
abnormal, excessive, and uncontrolled cell growth, also known as a tumor
,Apoptosis
programmed cell death, helps to remove unwanted and age cells from our body
Normal division: 40-60 times
Immune System: Cancer Pathophysiology
Immune system fails
lymphocytes detect tumor associated antigens (TAA) and destroy them
when this mechanism fails, cancer grows
Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
benign - well differentiated, slow growing, encapsulated, no metastasis, can cause localized
effects, usually no tissue destruction, and usually doesn't cause death
malignant - poorly differentiated, invade and infiltrate surrounding tissue, fast growing,
metastasis, causes general effects, can lead to extensive tissue damage and death
Cancer Cell Features
secrete their own growth factor (ex. breast cancer can grow without estrogen)
lack of cell-density dependent growth (no contact inhibition)
impaired cohesiveness (decreased ability to stick together)
loss of anchorage dependence (doesn't need surface to grow on)
indefinite cell lifespan
primitive function (just retain function necessary for survival)
can develop new functions
can secrete chemicals to perform angiogenesis (create own blood supply)
metastasis: can spread to other parts of the body via blood or lymph - same name as primary
cancer
, Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Airborne infection (respiratory droplets, droplet nuclei)
TB can last in the air up to 6 hours during which time another person might inhale it
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (acid-fast aerobic rod, waxy cell wall)
Lungs are the most frequently involved organ
Other body parts effected: meninges, kidney, spine (Pott's spine), bones, lymph nodes &
military TB
TB Pathophysiology
Inhaled droplet nuclei will reach inside the lungs & alveolar macrophages start bacterial
phagocytosis resulting in bronchopneumonia ->
Granulomas: macrophages form a hard shell around the bacteria and keeps it under control ->
Granulomas are transformed to a fibrous tissue with a central area known as Ghon tubercle. A
cheesy mass forms and bacteria become dormant (LATENT)->
Immunocompromised state - Ghon tubercule ulcerates and releases cheesy material into
bronchi ->
TB becomes airborne, ulcerated tubercule forms scar tissue inside lung and disease spreads ->
Active TB
Latent Infection vs. Active Disease (TB)*
Latent:
- tubercule bacilli in the body
-no symptoms
-chest x-ray usually normal
-sputum smears and cultures, if done, are negative
-not infectious
Cancer Pathophysiology
genetic mutation of cell DNA (can be acquired or inherited) ->
proliferation (cell division) and differentiation (cell specialization) become defective ->
no cell division limit and lack of contact inhibition (cancer cells multiply rapidly), attack
healthy cells and invade surrounding cells, no apoptosis (programmed cell death)
hyperplasia -> metaplasia -> dysplasia -> anaplasia -> neoplasia
Hyperplasia (Cancer)
increase in number of new cells
Metaplasia (Cancer)
cell transformation
will change shape and sometimes function
precursor to dyspalsia
Dysplasia (Cancer)
abnormal cell growth
cell size and shape vary greatly
very loosely organized (lack of contact inhibition, non-uniform)
Anaplasia (Cancer)
cells in a tumor that have become severely immature, losing their original specialized features
and reverting to a primitive, undifferentiated state
Neoplasia (Cancer)
abnormal, excessive, and uncontrolled cell growth, also known as a tumor
,Apoptosis
programmed cell death, helps to remove unwanted and age cells from our body
Normal division: 40-60 times
Immune System: Cancer Pathophysiology
Immune system fails
lymphocytes detect tumor associated antigens (TAA) and destroy them
when this mechanism fails, cancer grows
Benign vs. Malignant Tumors
benign - well differentiated, slow growing, encapsulated, no metastasis, can cause localized
effects, usually no tissue destruction, and usually doesn't cause death
malignant - poorly differentiated, invade and infiltrate surrounding tissue, fast growing,
metastasis, causes general effects, can lead to extensive tissue damage and death
Cancer Cell Features
secrete their own growth factor (ex. breast cancer can grow without estrogen)
lack of cell-density dependent growth (no contact inhibition)
impaired cohesiveness (decreased ability to stick together)
loss of anchorage dependence (doesn't need surface to grow on)
indefinite cell lifespan
primitive function (just retain function necessary for survival)
can develop new functions
can secrete chemicals to perform angiogenesis (create own blood supply)
metastasis: can spread to other parts of the body via blood or lymph - same name as primary
cancer
, Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Airborne infection (respiratory droplets, droplet nuclei)
TB can last in the air up to 6 hours during which time another person might inhale it
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (acid-fast aerobic rod, waxy cell wall)
Lungs are the most frequently involved organ
Other body parts effected: meninges, kidney, spine (Pott's spine), bones, lymph nodes &
military TB
TB Pathophysiology
Inhaled droplet nuclei will reach inside the lungs & alveolar macrophages start bacterial
phagocytosis resulting in bronchopneumonia ->
Granulomas: macrophages form a hard shell around the bacteria and keeps it under control ->
Granulomas are transformed to a fibrous tissue with a central area known as Ghon tubercle. A
cheesy mass forms and bacteria become dormant (LATENT)->
Immunocompromised state - Ghon tubercule ulcerates and releases cheesy material into
bronchi ->
TB becomes airborne, ulcerated tubercule forms scar tissue inside lung and disease spreads ->
Active TB
Latent Infection vs. Active Disease (TB)*
Latent:
- tubercule bacilli in the body
-no symptoms
-chest x-ray usually normal
-sputum smears and cultures, if done, are negative
-not infectious
