Maryville NURS 611 Patho Exam 1 UPDATED
ACTUAL Exam Question and Answer
(2026/2027) | A+ Verified
• Apoptosis . CORRECT ANSWER: A programmed cell death that is regulated or
programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
• Necrosis . CORRECT ANSWER: Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
• What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney
and heart) . CORRECT ANSWER: hypoxia
• What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? . CORRECT ANSWER: ischemia
• Main component of a cell . CORRECT ANSWER: nucleus
• What does the nucleus contain? . CORRECT ANSWER: nucleolus
• What is the nucleolus composed of? . CORRECT ANSWER: RNA, most of
cellular DNA, DNA binding proteins, and histones
• Why are histone important? . CORRECT ANSWER: histones bind to DNA and
fold it into chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
• What are ribosomes? . CORRECT ANSWER: RNA-protein complexes
(nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the
cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes
(NPCs)
• Where can ribosomes be found? . CORRECT ANSWER: cytoplasm and rough
ER
• what are ribosomes chief function? . CORRECT ANSWER: provides sits for
cellular protein synthesis
,• What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? . CORRECT ANSWER: a network of
flatten, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the
cell
• What does the Golgi apparatus do? . CORRECT ANSWER: takes proteins from
the ER and processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called
"secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
• What are lysosomes and what do they do? . CORRECT ANSWER: maintain
cellular health by removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless
organelles, termination of signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
• How does aging affect lysosomes? . CORRECT ANSWER: leads to progressive
loss of lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and
tissue
• What functions do lysosomal components integrate? . CORRECT ANSWER:
nutrient abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into
instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or
inactivity
• What is mitochondria responsible for? . CORRECT ANSWER: cellular
respiration, cellular metabolism , and energy production
• What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? . CORRECT
ANSWER: enzymes of the respiratory chain and are essential to the process of
oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP
• The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two
things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? . CORRECT ANSWER: 1-
metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
• What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements? . CORRECT ANSWER: carbs, proteins, and lipids
• What is physiologic atrophy? . CORRECT ANSWER: occurs in early
development. ex: thymus glad during childhood
, • What is pathologic atrophy? . CORRECT ANSWER: occurs as a result of
decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal
stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
• what is hypertrophy? . CORRECT ANSWER: increase in cell size
• Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? . CORRECT ANSWER:
hypertrophy of myocardial cells from endurance training
• example of pathologic hypertrophy . CORRECT ANSWER: cardiomegaly in a
hypertensive patient
• What is hyperplasia? . CORRECT ANSWER: increase in the number of cells
• example of compensatory hyperplasia? . CORRECT ANSWER: regeneration of
the liver
• example of pathological hyperplasia . CORRECT ANSWER: endometrial tissue
• example of hormonal hyperplasia . CORRECT ANSWER: enlargement of the
uterus during pregnancy
• What is metaplasia? . CORRECT ANSWER: replacement of the cells
• example of metaplasia . CORRECT ANSWER: normal columnar ciliated
epithelial cells of the bronchial lining being replaced by squamous cells. can be
reversed if irritant stopped
• cellular metabolism- what molecule gives us energy? . CORRECT ANSWER:
ATP functions as the energy-transferring molecule
• During ischemia, what effect does the loss of ATP have on the cells? .
CORRECT ANSWER: a reduction of ATP levels (ATP needs oxygen) that causes
the Na+/K+ pump and Na+/Ca exchange to fail, leading to intracellular
accumulation of Sodium and calcium and diffusion of K+ out of the cell . Sodium
and water can enter cell freely causing cellular swelling
ACTUAL Exam Question and Answer
(2026/2027) | A+ Verified
• Apoptosis . CORRECT ANSWER: A programmed cell death that is regulated or
programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
• Necrosis . CORRECT ANSWER: Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
• What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney
and heart) . CORRECT ANSWER: hypoxia
• What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? . CORRECT ANSWER: ischemia
• Main component of a cell . CORRECT ANSWER: nucleus
• What does the nucleus contain? . CORRECT ANSWER: nucleolus
• What is the nucleolus composed of? . CORRECT ANSWER: RNA, most of
cellular DNA, DNA binding proteins, and histones
• Why are histone important? . CORRECT ANSWER: histones bind to DNA and
fold it into chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
• What are ribosomes? . CORRECT ANSWER: RNA-protein complexes
(nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the
cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes
(NPCs)
• Where can ribosomes be found? . CORRECT ANSWER: cytoplasm and rough
ER
• what are ribosomes chief function? . CORRECT ANSWER: provides sits for
cellular protein synthesis
,• What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? . CORRECT ANSWER: a network of
flatten, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the
cell
• What does the Golgi apparatus do? . CORRECT ANSWER: takes proteins from
the ER and processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called
"secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
• What are lysosomes and what do they do? . CORRECT ANSWER: maintain
cellular health by removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless
organelles, termination of signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
• How does aging affect lysosomes? . CORRECT ANSWER: leads to progressive
loss of lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and
tissue
• What functions do lysosomal components integrate? . CORRECT ANSWER:
nutrient abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into
instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or
inactivity
• What is mitochondria responsible for? . CORRECT ANSWER: cellular
respiration, cellular metabolism , and energy production
• What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? . CORRECT
ANSWER: enzymes of the respiratory chain and are essential to the process of
oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP
• The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two
things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? . CORRECT ANSWER: 1-
metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
• What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements? . CORRECT ANSWER: carbs, proteins, and lipids
• What is physiologic atrophy? . CORRECT ANSWER: occurs in early
development. ex: thymus glad during childhood
, • What is pathologic atrophy? . CORRECT ANSWER: occurs as a result of
decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal
stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal
stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
• what is hypertrophy? . CORRECT ANSWER: increase in cell size
• Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? . CORRECT ANSWER:
hypertrophy of myocardial cells from endurance training
• example of pathologic hypertrophy . CORRECT ANSWER: cardiomegaly in a
hypertensive patient
• What is hyperplasia? . CORRECT ANSWER: increase in the number of cells
• example of compensatory hyperplasia? . CORRECT ANSWER: regeneration of
the liver
• example of pathological hyperplasia . CORRECT ANSWER: endometrial tissue
• example of hormonal hyperplasia . CORRECT ANSWER: enlargement of the
uterus during pregnancy
• What is metaplasia? . CORRECT ANSWER: replacement of the cells
• example of metaplasia . CORRECT ANSWER: normal columnar ciliated
epithelial cells of the bronchial lining being replaced by squamous cells. can be
reversed if irritant stopped
• cellular metabolism- what molecule gives us energy? . CORRECT ANSWER:
ATP functions as the energy-transferring molecule
• During ischemia, what effect does the loss of ATP have on the cells? .
CORRECT ANSWER: a reduction of ATP levels (ATP needs oxygen) that causes
the Na+/K+ pump and Na+/Ca exchange to fail, leading to intracellular
accumulation of Sodium and calcium and diffusion of K+ out of the cell . Sodium
and water can enter cell freely causing cellular swelling
