Advanced Pathophysiology: Exam 1 UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Question: *Chapter 1
Correct Answer: Introduction to Pathophysiology*:
Question: Risk
Correct Answer: Factor that when present increases the chance of disease Not stressors, but conditions or
situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor
Question: Prevalence
Correct Answer: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of having a
disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of disease existing in a
population. A prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by
the total population Indicates how widespread the disease is
Question: Incidence
Correct Answer: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of being
diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore, incidence is the number of newly
diagnosed cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the
number of persons at risk for the disease. Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Question: Ratio
Correct Answer: The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value
contains or is contained within the other.
Question: Primary Prevention
Correct Answer: Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons *Both illness and
disease are absent example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Question: Secondary Prevention
Correct Answer: Early detection, screening, and management of disease *Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Question: Tertiary Prevention
Correct Answer: Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present example: education
Question: Epidemiology
Correct Answer: study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the occurrence,
incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of populations/people
Question: Endemic
Correct Answer: A disease theat is native to a local region
Question: Epidemic
Correct Answer: When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time (spread to many
people at the same time)
,Question: Pandemic
Correct Answer: Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide. (spread to
large geographic areas)
Question: *Chapter 2
Correct Answer: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors*:
Question: Homeostasis
Correct Answer: A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular ideal "set-point"
Question: Exhausation
Correct Answer: Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a prolonged exposure to
noxious agents
Question: Allostatic Overload
Correct Answer: "Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic
response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Question: Adaptation
Correct Answer: Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered
circumstances, internal or external in origin Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using
culturally based coping mechanisms Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Question: Arousal
Correct Answer: Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures, sensory stimuli and
emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Question: Function of Cortisol
Correct Answer: Primary glucocorticoid Affects protein metabolism Promotes appetite and food-seeking
behaviors Has anti-inflammatory effects Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis May synergize or antagonize effects of
catecholamines
Question: *Chapter 3
Correct Answer: Cell Structure and Function*:
Question: Endocrine Communication
Correct Answer: Hormones traveling in the bloodstream Long range signaling
Question: Neurocrine Communication
Correct Answer: Neurons firing information through synapses Signals travel a very small distance
between neuron and target cell
Question: Paracrine Communcation
Correct Answer: Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between cells in a tissue Localized areas of
communication
Question: Autocrine Communcation
Correct Answer: Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the target cell Feedback to self
, Question: Describe an Action Potential
Correct Answer: Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the membrane Mediated by
voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in response to voltage changes
across the membrane Triggered by membrane depolarization Propagated by sequential opening of
voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent sections of membrane. The action potential is regenerated in
adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium channels open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium
channels close and potassium ions move out. Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium
influx *Na+* initiates the action potential *Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials
(not nerve cells)*
Question: Describe a Resting Action Potential
Correct Answer: Electrical charge when there is no net ion movement across plasma membrane Major
determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+] This is dominated by potassium (K+)
Question: Take Home Message About Action Potentials
Correct Answer: Resting Membrane Potential Dominated by K+ Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+ In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
Question: Depolarization
Correct Answer: As the sodium rushes back into the cell the positive sodium ions raise the charge inside
the cell from negative to positive. Once the interior of the cell becomes positively charged, depolarization
of the cell is complete. This triggers the action potential
Question: Repolarization
Correct Answer: Sodium inflow is stopped and potassium efflux increases In cardiac muscles
repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
Question: Hyperkalemia on Resting Membrane Potential
Correct Answer: Depolarizes the cell Makes the membrane more negative
Question: Hypokalemia on Resting Membrane Potential
Correct Answer: Hyperpolarizes the cell Makes the membrane less negative (more positive)
Question: *Chapter 4
Correct Answer: Cell Injury, Aging, and Death*:
Question: Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: Increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell number due to mitotic
division -Usually in response to increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation -Other causes:
persistent cell injury, chronic irritation of epithelial cells -Usually result from increased functional demand
Question: Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity in response to
physiologic and pathophysiologic demands -General cause:increased cellular protein content -Usually result
from increased functional demand
Question: Dysplasia
CORRECT Answers
Question: *Chapter 1
Correct Answer: Introduction to Pathophysiology*:
Question: Risk
Correct Answer: Factor that when present increases the chance of disease Not stressors, but conditions or
situations that increase the likelihood of encountering a stressor
Question: Prevalence
Correct Answer: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of having a
disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of disease existing in a
population. A prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by
the total population Indicates how widespread the disease is
Question: Incidence
Correct Answer: A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of being
diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore, incidence is the number of newly
diagnosed cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the
number of persons at risk for the disease. Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Question: Ratio
Correct Answer: The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value
contains or is contained within the other.
Question: Primary Prevention
Correct Answer: Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons *Both illness and
disease are absent example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Question: Secondary Prevention
Correct Answer: Early detection, screening, and management of disease *Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Question: Tertiary Prevention
Correct Answer: Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present example: education
Question: Epidemiology
Correct Answer: study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the occurrence,
incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of populations/people
Question: Endemic
Correct Answer: A disease theat is native to a local region
Question: Epidemic
Correct Answer: When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time (spread to many
people at the same time)
,Question: Pandemic
Correct Answer: Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide. (spread to
large geographic areas)
Question: *Chapter 2
Correct Answer: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors*:
Question: Homeostasis
Correct Answer: A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular ideal "set-point"
Question: Exhausation
Correct Answer: Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a prolonged exposure to
noxious agents
Question: Allostatic Overload
Correct Answer: "Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic
response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Question: Adaptation
Correct Answer: Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered
circumstances, internal or external in origin Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using
culturally based coping mechanisms Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Question: Arousal
Correct Answer: Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures, sensory stimuli and
emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Question: Function of Cortisol
Correct Answer: Primary glucocorticoid Affects protein metabolism Promotes appetite and food-seeking
behaviors Has anti-inflammatory effects Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis May synergize or antagonize effects of
catecholamines
Question: *Chapter 3
Correct Answer: Cell Structure and Function*:
Question: Endocrine Communication
Correct Answer: Hormones traveling in the bloodstream Long range signaling
Question: Neurocrine Communication
Correct Answer: Neurons firing information through synapses Signals travel a very small distance
between neuron and target cell
Question: Paracrine Communcation
Correct Answer: Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between cells in a tissue Localized areas of
communication
Question: Autocrine Communcation
Correct Answer: Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the target cell Feedback to self
, Question: Describe an Action Potential
Correct Answer: Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the membrane Mediated by
voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in response to voltage changes
across the membrane Triggered by membrane depolarization Propagated by sequential opening of
voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent sections of membrane. The action potential is regenerated in
adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium channels open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium
channels close and potassium ions move out. Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium
influx *Na+* initiates the action potential *Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials
(not nerve cells)*
Question: Describe a Resting Action Potential
Correct Answer: Electrical charge when there is no net ion movement across plasma membrane Major
determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+] This is dominated by potassium (K+)
Question: Take Home Message About Action Potentials
Correct Answer: Resting Membrane Potential Dominated by K+ Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+ In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
Question: Depolarization
Correct Answer: As the sodium rushes back into the cell the positive sodium ions raise the charge inside
the cell from negative to positive. Once the interior of the cell becomes positively charged, depolarization
of the cell is complete. This triggers the action potential
Question: Repolarization
Correct Answer: Sodium inflow is stopped and potassium efflux increases In cardiac muscles
repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
Question: Hyperkalemia on Resting Membrane Potential
Correct Answer: Depolarizes the cell Makes the membrane more negative
Question: Hypokalemia on Resting Membrane Potential
Correct Answer: Hyperpolarizes the cell Makes the membrane less negative (more positive)
Question: *Chapter 4
Correct Answer: Cell Injury, Aging, and Death*:
Question: Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: Increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell number due to mitotic
division -Usually in response to increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation -Other causes:
persistent cell injury, chronic irritation of epithelial cells -Usually result from increased functional demand
Question: Hypertrophy
Correct Answer: Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity in response to
physiologic and pathophysiologic demands -General cause:increased cellular protein content -Usually result
from increased functional demand
Question: Dysplasia
