MARYVILLE NURS 615 PHARM STUDYS CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔In the elderly, Hepatic blood flow decreases by - ✔✔nearly one-half or 40% in older
adults.
✔✔some degree of chronic kidney disease is present in X of older adult - ✔✔50%
✔✔Furthermore, the median renal blood flow decreases by X by the time the patient
reaches 80 years of age, and x - ✔✔x of older adults maintain normal kidney
function/50%, 1/3. Although, the normal individual rate of decline varies and one-third of
older adults maintain normal renal function.
✔✔Heart failure, which affects more than forty percent of persons older than 80 years,
can - ✔✔further reduce the function of the aging kidneys and liver.
✔✔Other factors influence pharmacokinetics in older adults include - ✔✔aging
decreases first-pass clearance in the liver, and a number of commonly prescribed
medications like warfarin, benzos, and opiates require much lower doses in older adults.
Distribution of drugs to body compartments has changed by the decrease in the ratio of
lean body weight to body fat. Levels of serum protein, which bind many drugs, decrease
in older adults because of malnutrition and dietary changes that are common for both
intentional and unintentional regions. Drug metabolism can be affected by substance
abuse including alcohol, up to ten percent of older adults are heavy or problem drinkers.
Polypharmacy.
✔✔What are the adverse drug reactions related to special populations? - ✔✔These can
come into the categories of genetics, age, gender, drug interactions, and medical
conditions.
✔✔Type 1 hypersensitivity or immediate hypersensitivity is an - ✔✔allergic reaction
provoked by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen, referred to as an allergen.
, Symptoms vary from mild irritation to sudden death from anaphylactic shock, called type
1 anaphylactic shock.
✔✔In type 2 hypersensitivity or cytotoxic hypersensitivity, - ✔✔the antibodies produced
in the immune response bind to antigens of the patients on cell surfaces. The antigens
recognized in the way may either be intrinsic (a self-antigen, part of the patient's cells)
or extrinsic (absorbed onto the cells during exposure to some foreign pathogens
possibly as part of an infection with a pathogen).
✔✔An example of type 2 hypersensitivity is the - ✔✔ABO blood incompatibility where
the red blood cells have different antigens causing them to be recognized different. B-
cell proliferation will take place in antibodies until foreign blood types are produced. IgG
and IgM antibodies bind to these antigens to form complexes that activate the classical
pathway of the complement activation to eliminate cells presenting foreign antigens. that
is mediators of acute inflammation are generated at the site and the membrane attack
of complexes cause cell lysis and death. This reaction takes between hours to a day.
✔✔Type-3 hypersensitivity occurs when - ✔✔there is an accumulation of immune
complexes or antigen-antibody complexes that may not have been adequately cleared
by innate immune cells, giving rise to an inflammatory response and attraction of
leukocytes. Such reactions progress into the point of disease producing immune-
complex diseases. The reaction can take hours, days, or even weeks to develop
depending on whether or not there is immunologic memory of the precipitating antigen.
Typically, clinical features emerged a week following initial antigen challenge from the
deposited immune complexes that can precipitate the inflammatory response. Type 4
hypersensitivity is often called delayed-type hypersensitivity, as a reaction take 2-3 days
to develop. unlike other types it is not antibody-mediated but rather cell mediated
response.
✔✔Which medications interact with St. John's Wort? - ✔✔SSRI antidepressants,
warfarin, and birth control It is also known to decrease the efficacy of HIV medications,
cholesterol medications, as well as transplant medications
✔✔Which medications interact with St. John's Wort? - ✔✔St. John's Wort is a medicinal
herb with antidepressant activity and potent anti-inflammatory properties. St. John's wort
has interactions with medications such as SSRI antidepressants, warfarin, and birth
control. Combining St. John's Wort and SSRI antidepressants, could lead to an
increased serotonin level causing serotonin syndrome. Combining estrogen containing
oral contraceptives with St. John's Wort can lead to a decreased efficacy of the
contraceptive and eventually unplanned pregnancies. It is also known to decrease the
efficacy of HIV medications, cholesterol medications, as well as transplant medications.
It should be noted however that traditional SSRI antidepressants such as fluoxetine
carry similar contraindications. Use nonjudgmental approach so they tell u what herbs
they take. Tricyclics and SJW can increase the risk for serotonin syndrome.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔In the elderly, Hepatic blood flow decreases by - ✔✔nearly one-half or 40% in older
adults.
✔✔some degree of chronic kidney disease is present in X of older adult - ✔✔50%
✔✔Furthermore, the median renal blood flow decreases by X by the time the patient
reaches 80 years of age, and x - ✔✔x of older adults maintain normal kidney
function/50%, 1/3. Although, the normal individual rate of decline varies and one-third of
older adults maintain normal renal function.
✔✔Heart failure, which affects more than forty percent of persons older than 80 years,
can - ✔✔further reduce the function of the aging kidneys and liver.
✔✔Other factors influence pharmacokinetics in older adults include - ✔✔aging
decreases first-pass clearance in the liver, and a number of commonly prescribed
medications like warfarin, benzos, and opiates require much lower doses in older adults.
Distribution of drugs to body compartments has changed by the decrease in the ratio of
lean body weight to body fat. Levels of serum protein, which bind many drugs, decrease
in older adults because of malnutrition and dietary changes that are common for both
intentional and unintentional regions. Drug metabolism can be affected by substance
abuse including alcohol, up to ten percent of older adults are heavy or problem drinkers.
Polypharmacy.
✔✔What are the adverse drug reactions related to special populations? - ✔✔These can
come into the categories of genetics, age, gender, drug interactions, and medical
conditions.
✔✔Type 1 hypersensitivity or immediate hypersensitivity is an - ✔✔allergic reaction
provoked by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen, referred to as an allergen.
, Symptoms vary from mild irritation to sudden death from anaphylactic shock, called type
1 anaphylactic shock.
✔✔In type 2 hypersensitivity or cytotoxic hypersensitivity, - ✔✔the antibodies produced
in the immune response bind to antigens of the patients on cell surfaces. The antigens
recognized in the way may either be intrinsic (a self-antigen, part of the patient's cells)
or extrinsic (absorbed onto the cells during exposure to some foreign pathogens
possibly as part of an infection with a pathogen).
✔✔An example of type 2 hypersensitivity is the - ✔✔ABO blood incompatibility where
the red blood cells have different antigens causing them to be recognized different. B-
cell proliferation will take place in antibodies until foreign blood types are produced. IgG
and IgM antibodies bind to these antigens to form complexes that activate the classical
pathway of the complement activation to eliminate cells presenting foreign antigens. that
is mediators of acute inflammation are generated at the site and the membrane attack
of complexes cause cell lysis and death. This reaction takes between hours to a day.
✔✔Type-3 hypersensitivity occurs when - ✔✔there is an accumulation of immune
complexes or antigen-antibody complexes that may not have been adequately cleared
by innate immune cells, giving rise to an inflammatory response and attraction of
leukocytes. Such reactions progress into the point of disease producing immune-
complex diseases. The reaction can take hours, days, or even weeks to develop
depending on whether or not there is immunologic memory of the precipitating antigen.
Typically, clinical features emerged a week following initial antigen challenge from the
deposited immune complexes that can precipitate the inflammatory response. Type 4
hypersensitivity is often called delayed-type hypersensitivity, as a reaction take 2-3 days
to develop. unlike other types it is not antibody-mediated but rather cell mediated
response.
✔✔Which medications interact with St. John's Wort? - ✔✔SSRI antidepressants,
warfarin, and birth control It is also known to decrease the efficacy of HIV medications,
cholesterol medications, as well as transplant medications
✔✔Which medications interact with St. John's Wort? - ✔✔St. John's Wort is a medicinal
herb with antidepressant activity and potent anti-inflammatory properties. St. John's wort
has interactions with medications such as SSRI antidepressants, warfarin, and birth
control. Combining St. John's Wort and SSRI antidepressants, could lead to an
increased serotonin level causing serotonin syndrome. Combining estrogen containing
oral contraceptives with St. John's Wort can lead to a decreased efficacy of the
contraceptive and eventually unplanned pregnancies. It is also known to decrease the
efficacy of HIV medications, cholesterol medications, as well as transplant medications.
It should be noted however that traditional SSRI antidepressants such as fluoxetine
carry similar contraindications. Use nonjudgmental approach so they tell u what herbs
they take. Tricyclics and SJW can increase the risk for serotonin syndrome.
