MARYVILLE NURS 615 PHARM TEST PAPER 1
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Phase 4 of drug development: - ✔✔This phase is voluntary and involves postmarket
surveillance of the drug's therapeutic effects at the completion of phase 3. The
pharmaceutical company receives reports from doctors and other health care
professionals about the therapeutic results and adverse effects of the drug. Some
medications, for example, have been found to be toxic and have been removed from the
market after their initial release.
✔✔Explain first pass metabolism - ✔✔much of the drug is lost in the absorption
process. The liver metabolizes many drugs, thus reduces the bioavailabilty of the drug.
✔✔What is the fasted route of absorption: - ✔✔The fastest route of absorption is
inhalation, and not as mistakenly considered the IV administration.
✔✔Why does the GI tract take longer to absorb? - ✔✔The GI tract is lined with epithelial
cells; drugs must permeate through these cells in order to be absorbed into the
circulatory system.
✔✔What is One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug? -
✔✔the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form a
semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small
and uncharged solutes, hence whether or not a molecule is ionized will affect its
absorption, since ionic molecules are charged.
✔✔What is solubility? - ✔✔Solubility favors charged species, permeability favors neutral
species. Some molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to facilitate
movement from the lumen into the circulation.
, ✔✔Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes? - ✔✔Absorption
occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane systems of GI mucosal layers,
muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
✔✔The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on: - ✔✔whether the drug is
water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes;
water-soluble drugs can't. Lipid-soluble drugs can also cross the blood-brain barrier and
enter the brain.
✔✔As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with? - ✔✔proteins such as
the plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain free or bind to the protein. The portion
of a drug that's bound to a protein is inactive and can't exert a therapeutic effect. Only
the free, or unbound, portion remains active. A drug is said to be highly protein-bound if
more than 80% of the drug is bound to protein.
✔✔Identify drug metabolism and the role of isoenzymes in the p450 system - ✔✔CYPs
are the are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism accounting for about 75% of
the total metabolism.
✔✔Naturally occurring compounds may induce or inhibit CYP activity. - ✔✔For
example, bioactive compounds found in grapefruit juice and some other fruit juices
including dihydroxy forgotten and parasitin A have been found to inhibit CYP3a4
mediated metabolism of certain medications leading to increased bioavailability and the
strong possibility of overdosing.
✔✔What does grapefruit have to do with CYP? - ✔✔Grapefruit is an inhibitor and will
decrease the metabolism of drugs by the cyp enzymes
✔✔When 2 drugs are both metabolized by the p450 system the drug should be -
✔✔administered at separate times to prevent the metabolism of one drug resulting in
toxic effects of the other drug. (because it would have less protein to bind too, thus
more free floating drug)
✔✔What is the efficacy of a drug? - ✔✔Efficacy is the maximum response achievable
from a drug. Effectiveness refers to the ability of the drug to produce a beneficial effect.
✔✔On the drug concentration curve what is the first sign of a therapeutic effect? -
✔✔The onset of action
✔✔What is the purpose of a peak and trough level? - ✔✔To determine if the drug is in
therapeutic range.
✔✔Describe the purpose of blood brain barrier - ✔✔The BBB is a highly selective
permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Phase 4 of drug development: - ✔✔This phase is voluntary and involves postmarket
surveillance of the drug's therapeutic effects at the completion of phase 3. The
pharmaceutical company receives reports from doctors and other health care
professionals about the therapeutic results and adverse effects of the drug. Some
medications, for example, have been found to be toxic and have been removed from the
market after their initial release.
✔✔Explain first pass metabolism - ✔✔much of the drug is lost in the absorption
process. The liver metabolizes many drugs, thus reduces the bioavailabilty of the drug.
✔✔What is the fasted route of absorption: - ✔✔The fastest route of absorption is
inhalation, and not as mistakenly considered the IV administration.
✔✔Why does the GI tract take longer to absorb? - ✔✔The GI tract is lined with epithelial
cells; drugs must permeate through these cells in order to be absorbed into the
circulatory system.
✔✔What is One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug? -
✔✔the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form a
semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small
and uncharged solutes, hence whether or not a molecule is ionized will affect its
absorption, since ionic molecules are charged.
✔✔What is solubility? - ✔✔Solubility favors charged species, permeability favors neutral
species. Some molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to facilitate
movement from the lumen into the circulation.
, ✔✔Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes? - ✔✔Absorption
occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane systems of GI mucosal layers,
muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
✔✔The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on: - ✔✔whether the drug is
water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross through cell membranes;
water-soluble drugs can't. Lipid-soluble drugs can also cross the blood-brain barrier and
enter the brain.
✔✔As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with? - ✔✔proteins such as
the plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain free or bind to the protein. The portion
of a drug that's bound to a protein is inactive and can't exert a therapeutic effect. Only
the free, or unbound, portion remains active. A drug is said to be highly protein-bound if
more than 80% of the drug is bound to protein.
✔✔Identify drug metabolism and the role of isoenzymes in the p450 system - ✔✔CYPs
are the are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism accounting for about 75% of
the total metabolism.
✔✔Naturally occurring compounds may induce or inhibit CYP activity. - ✔✔For
example, bioactive compounds found in grapefruit juice and some other fruit juices
including dihydroxy forgotten and parasitin A have been found to inhibit CYP3a4
mediated metabolism of certain medications leading to increased bioavailability and the
strong possibility of overdosing.
✔✔What does grapefruit have to do with CYP? - ✔✔Grapefruit is an inhibitor and will
decrease the metabolism of drugs by the cyp enzymes
✔✔When 2 drugs are both metabolized by the p450 system the drug should be -
✔✔administered at separate times to prevent the metabolism of one drug resulting in
toxic effects of the other drug. (because it would have less protein to bind too, thus
more free floating drug)
✔✔What is the efficacy of a drug? - ✔✔Efficacy is the maximum response achievable
from a drug. Effectiveness refers to the ability of the drug to produce a beneficial effect.
✔✔On the drug concentration curve what is the first sign of a therapeutic effect? -
✔✔The onset of action
✔✔What is the purpose of a peak and trough level? - ✔✔To determine if the drug is in
therapeutic range.
✔✔Describe the purpose of blood brain barrier - ✔✔The BBB is a highly selective
permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular
