HOAG ECG Exam Question and Answer (2026/2027) | Comprehensive Review | Detailed Rationales

HOAG ECG Exam Question and Answer
(2026/2027) | Comprehensive Review |
Detailed Rationales
• Normal Ventricular Pacing . CORRECT ANSWER: pacing spike followed by wide
QRS, no p wave


• Normal Atrial Pacing . CORRECT ANSWER: pacing spike followed by abnormal P
wave and normal QRS


• Normal AV Pacing . CORRECT ANSWER: dual chamber pacing
spike -> abnormal P wave -> spike ->wide QRS


• NBG Pacemaker code . CORRECT ANSWER: 1st letter- chamber paced
2nd letter- chamber sensed
3rd letter- pacemaker response to sensed


• AOO . CORRECT ANSWER: Atria 100% paced, no sensing and no response


Used for post-op AV blocks from valvular surgery


• AAI . CORRECT ANSWER: atria paced, atria sensed, pacing inhibited with
intrinsic beat


Used for sinus node disfunction with good AV conduction

, • VVI . CORRECT ANSWER: ventricle paced, ventricle sensed, pacing inhibited
with intrinsic beat


Used for Chronic A-fib, A-tach, A-paralysis


• DDI . CORRECT ANSWER: dual paced, dual sensed, pacing inhibited with
intrinsic beat


Used for persistent bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome


• DDD . CORRECT ANSWER: dual paced, dual sensed, pacing inhibited or triggered
with intrinsic beat


Used for poor AV conduction with good or poor SA function


• Failure to pace/fire . CORRECT ANSWER: pacemaker is not firing when it should
be


can be misdiagnosed if: pacing mode has been changed, in wrong lead view, the
pacemaker is picking up artifacts


• Signs and symptoms of failure to pace/fire . CORRECT ANSWER: no pacemaker
activity on ECG
Bradycardia
Hypotension