What neurobiological processes underlie addiction?
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Alcohol stimulates the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway - neuronal
cells in the middle portion of the brain (ventral tegmental area) that
connects to other brain centers (ex. Nucleus accumbens - prefrontal
cortex) - which controls memory, emotions, and gratification
Describe the effects of mescaline and psilocybin
Give this one a try later!
, mescaline: derived from the growths at the top of the peyote cactus
psilocybin: derived from 'sacred' Mexican mushrooms (Psilocybe mexicana)
- used for centuries in rites of passage - alter or distort experience
Define paraphilia, and cite four paraphilias recognized in the DSM, along with their
associated features.
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Recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviours
that generally involve 1 abnormal targets of sexual attraction (eg. shoes,
children) 2 unusual courtship behaviours (eg. watching others undress
without their knowledge, exposing themselves against others wishes) 3 the
desire for pain and suffering of oneself or others - DSM criteria must be
necessary or strongly preferred for arousal/ 1. Fetishism (inanimate objects
or not typically erotic areas of the body) 2. Transvestic fetishism (cross
dressing as a female) 3. Pedophilia 4. Voyeurism (observation of
unsuspecting females who are undressing or of couples engaging in sexual
activity - often co-occurs with exhibitionism and interest in sadomasochism
and cross-dressing) 5. Exhibitionism (exposing genitals in inappropriate
circumstances and without consent) 6. Frotteurism (rubbing one's genitals
against, or touching, the body of a nonconsenting person.) 7. Sexual sadism
(inflicting psychological or physical pain on another individual -
nonconsensual, serious, and sometimes fatal - often comorbid with
narcissistic, schizoid, or antisocial personality disorders) 8. Sexual
masochism (the experience of pain and degradation - autoerotic asphyxia
[self-strangulation]) [other rare disorders: telephone scatologia (obscene
phone calls), necrophilia (sexual desire for corpses), zoophilia (sexual
interest in animals), apotemnophilia (sexual excitement and desire about
having a limb amputated), and coprophilia (sexual arousal to feces).] often
associated with greater psychological problems, lower life satisfaction,
greater use of pornography, and more frequent masturbation
Describe the major psychosocial approaches used in treating schizophrenia.
,Give this one a try later!
family therapy; case management; social-skills training; cognitive
remediation; cognitive-behaviour therapy; individual treatment; supportive
forms of therapy that offer an opportunity to learn skills and yet are low key
and responsive to patients' individual concerns might well be very
beneficial.
What are the physical risks of taking Ecstasy?
Give this one a try later!
chemically similar to methamphetamine and to the hallucinogen mescaline
and produces effects similar to those of other stimulants - associated with
the development of panic disorder, prolonged psychosis, memory
impairment, obstructive sleep apnea, severe organic brain problems, coma,
and longterm neurological effects
Case study: Evelyn C. (Substance-Related Disorder)
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36, F, homemaker, mother of 2 school children - excessive drinking after
disagreements with her husband - drinking during the day, inebriated when
the children came home from school, failure to pick up her daughter after
an event - drinking increased when her husband began staying out all night
- led to her husband physically abusing her, moving out and filing for
divorce
, What did Kraepelin mean by the term dementia praecox? How accurate is this
description?
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refers to a group of conditions that all seem to feature mental deterioration
beginning early in life; hallucinations, apathy and indifference, withdrawn
behavior, and an incapacity for regular work.
What are the major symptoms of schizophrenia? How is a hallucination different from
a delusion? Explain the differences among positive, negative, and disorganized
symptoms.
Give this one a try later!
Delusion: erroneous belief that is fixed and firmly held despite clear
contradictory evidence. Thoughts: made feelings/impulses, thought
broadcasting, thought insertion, thought withdrawal Hallucination: a
sensory experience that seems real to the person having it, but occurs in
the absence of any external perceptual stimulus; normal conversational
volume; often known to them; most hear more than one; worse when
they're alone; rude and vulgar or else critical; reduced gray matter;
increased activity in Broca's area-not Wernicke's area; Positive: an excess or
distortion in a normal repertoire of behavior and experience, such as
delusions and hallucinations, disorganized thinking Negative: absence or
deficit of behaviors that are normally present Disorganized speech:
external manifestation of a disorder in thought form - formal thought
disorder) Disorganized behaviour: impairment in goal-directed activity
(executive functioning); catatonia - virtual absence of all movement and
speech (catatonic stupor)
Give this one a try later!
Alcohol stimulates the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway - neuronal
cells in the middle portion of the brain (ventral tegmental area) that
connects to other brain centers (ex. Nucleus accumbens - prefrontal
cortex) - which controls memory, emotions, and gratification
Describe the effects of mescaline and psilocybin
Give this one a try later!
, mescaline: derived from the growths at the top of the peyote cactus
psilocybin: derived from 'sacred' Mexican mushrooms (Psilocybe mexicana)
- used for centuries in rites of passage - alter or distort experience
Define paraphilia, and cite four paraphilias recognized in the DSM, along with their
associated features.
Give this one a try later!
Recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviours
that generally involve 1 abnormal targets of sexual attraction (eg. shoes,
children) 2 unusual courtship behaviours (eg. watching others undress
without their knowledge, exposing themselves against others wishes) 3 the
desire for pain and suffering of oneself or others - DSM criteria must be
necessary or strongly preferred for arousal/ 1. Fetishism (inanimate objects
or not typically erotic areas of the body) 2. Transvestic fetishism (cross
dressing as a female) 3. Pedophilia 4. Voyeurism (observation of
unsuspecting females who are undressing or of couples engaging in sexual
activity - often co-occurs with exhibitionism and interest in sadomasochism
and cross-dressing) 5. Exhibitionism (exposing genitals in inappropriate
circumstances and without consent) 6. Frotteurism (rubbing one's genitals
against, or touching, the body of a nonconsenting person.) 7. Sexual sadism
(inflicting psychological or physical pain on another individual -
nonconsensual, serious, and sometimes fatal - often comorbid with
narcissistic, schizoid, or antisocial personality disorders) 8. Sexual
masochism (the experience of pain and degradation - autoerotic asphyxia
[self-strangulation]) [other rare disorders: telephone scatologia (obscene
phone calls), necrophilia (sexual desire for corpses), zoophilia (sexual
interest in animals), apotemnophilia (sexual excitement and desire about
having a limb amputated), and coprophilia (sexual arousal to feces).] often
associated with greater psychological problems, lower life satisfaction,
greater use of pornography, and more frequent masturbation
Describe the major psychosocial approaches used in treating schizophrenia.
,Give this one a try later!
family therapy; case management; social-skills training; cognitive
remediation; cognitive-behaviour therapy; individual treatment; supportive
forms of therapy that offer an opportunity to learn skills and yet are low key
and responsive to patients' individual concerns might well be very
beneficial.
What are the physical risks of taking Ecstasy?
Give this one a try later!
chemically similar to methamphetamine and to the hallucinogen mescaline
and produces effects similar to those of other stimulants - associated with
the development of panic disorder, prolonged psychosis, memory
impairment, obstructive sleep apnea, severe organic brain problems, coma,
and longterm neurological effects
Case study: Evelyn C. (Substance-Related Disorder)
Give this one a try later!
36, F, homemaker, mother of 2 school children - excessive drinking after
disagreements with her husband - drinking during the day, inebriated when
the children came home from school, failure to pick up her daughter after
an event - drinking increased when her husband began staying out all night
- led to her husband physically abusing her, moving out and filing for
divorce
, What did Kraepelin mean by the term dementia praecox? How accurate is this
description?
Give this one a try later!
refers to a group of conditions that all seem to feature mental deterioration
beginning early in life; hallucinations, apathy and indifference, withdrawn
behavior, and an incapacity for regular work.
What are the major symptoms of schizophrenia? How is a hallucination different from
a delusion? Explain the differences among positive, negative, and disorganized
symptoms.
Give this one a try later!
Delusion: erroneous belief that is fixed and firmly held despite clear
contradictory evidence. Thoughts: made feelings/impulses, thought
broadcasting, thought insertion, thought withdrawal Hallucination: a
sensory experience that seems real to the person having it, but occurs in
the absence of any external perceptual stimulus; normal conversational
volume; often known to them; most hear more than one; worse when
they're alone; rude and vulgar or else critical; reduced gray matter;
increased activity in Broca's area-not Wernicke's area; Positive: an excess or
distortion in a normal repertoire of behavior and experience, such as
delusions and hallucinations, disorganized thinking Negative: absence or
deficit of behaviors that are normally present Disorganized speech:
external manifestation of a disorder in thought form - formal thought
disorder) Disorganized behaviour: impairment in goal-directed activity
(executive functioning); catatonia - virtual absence of all movement and
speech (catatonic stupor)
