NSG5140 WEEK 5 MIDTERM EXAM DUE 30TH
SEPTEMBER COMPLETE ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS 1- 50 SCREENSHOTS NSG 5140
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NSG5140 ONLINE
EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) PLUS RATIONALES
2026 Q&A | INSTANT DOWNLOADED
The NSG5140 Week 5 Midterm Exam is a comprehensive graduate-level assessment in
Advanced Pathophysiology, typically administered at South College. The exam evaluates
mastery of foundational pathophysiological concepts essential for advanced practice
nursing.
Core Domains Covered:
• Cellular Adaptation & Injury – Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia,
ischemia, apoptosis, necrosis
• Inflammation & Immunity – Acute and chronic inflammation, hypersensitivity
reactions, immune disorders
• Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Disorders – Imbalances, compensatory
mechanisms, ABG interpretation
• Endocrine Disorders – Diabetes mellitus, DKA, HHS, thyroid disorders, SIADH,
diabetes insipidus
• Cardiovascular Pathophysiology – Hypertension, heart failure, atherosclerosis,
shock states
• Respiratory Pathophysiology – ARDS, COPD, asthma, pulmonary embolism
• Renal Pathophysiology – Acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease
• Neurologic Pathophysiology – Stroke, increased ICP, neurodegenerative
disorders
,Questions 1–50
Section I: Cellular Adaptation & Injury (Questions 1–12)
1. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in hypoxic
conditions?
• A) DNA mutation
• B) ATP depletion leading to loss of ion homeostasis
• C) Free radical formation
• D) Protein misfolding
Correct Answer: B) ATP depletion leading to loss of ion homeostasis
Rationale: Hypoxia impairs oxidative phosphorylation, leading to decreased ATP
production. The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump requires ATP to maintain ion gradients; failure of
this pump causes intracellular sodium accumulation, water influx, and cellular swelling.
This is the hallmark of hypoxic cellular injury.
2. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular wall thickening.
Which mechanism best explains this adaptation?
• A) Increased myocyte number due to cell division
• B) Increased myocyte size due to increased workload
• C) Replacement of cardiac cells with fibrous tissue
• D) Transformation of cardiac cells into smooth muscle
Correct Answer: B) Increased myocyte size due to increased workload
, Rationale: Cardiac myocytes are terminally differentiated and respond to increased
workload by hypertrophy (increased cell size), not hyperplasia (increased cell number).
The increased afterload from hypertension causes the left ventricle to work harder,
leading to thickening of the ventricular wall.
3. What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
• A) Enzymatic digestion halts DNA synthesis
• B) Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production
• C) Edema from sodium influx causes reduction in ATP production
• D) Potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, destroying infrastructure
Correct Answer: B) Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production
Rationale: Plasma membrane damage allows calcium to enter the cell and accumulate
in mitochondria. Excess calcium disrupts oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production,
leading to cell injury and potential apoptosis.
4. Which statement best describes a characteristic of apoptosis?
• A) Apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered single cells
• B) Apoptosis is characterized by swelling of the nucleus and cytoplasm
• C) Apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
• D) Apoptosis results in benign malignancies
Correct Answer: A) Apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered single
cells
SEPTEMBER COMPLETE ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS 1- 50 SCREENSHOTS NSG 5140
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NSG5140 ONLINE
EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) PLUS RATIONALES
2026 Q&A | INSTANT DOWNLOADED
The NSG5140 Week 5 Midterm Exam is a comprehensive graduate-level assessment in
Advanced Pathophysiology, typically administered at South College. The exam evaluates
mastery of foundational pathophysiological concepts essential for advanced practice
nursing.
Core Domains Covered:
• Cellular Adaptation & Injury – Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia,
ischemia, apoptosis, necrosis
• Inflammation & Immunity – Acute and chronic inflammation, hypersensitivity
reactions, immune disorders
• Fluid, Electrolyte, & Acid-Base Disorders – Imbalances, compensatory
mechanisms, ABG interpretation
• Endocrine Disorders – Diabetes mellitus, DKA, HHS, thyroid disorders, SIADH,
diabetes insipidus
• Cardiovascular Pathophysiology – Hypertension, heart failure, atherosclerosis,
shock states
• Respiratory Pathophysiology – ARDS, COPD, asthma, pulmonary embolism
• Renal Pathophysiology – Acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease
• Neurologic Pathophysiology – Stroke, increased ICP, neurodegenerative
disorders
,Questions 1–50
Section I: Cellular Adaptation & Injury (Questions 1–12)
1. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in hypoxic
conditions?
• A) DNA mutation
• B) ATP depletion leading to loss of ion homeostasis
• C) Free radical formation
• D) Protein misfolding
Correct Answer: B) ATP depletion leading to loss of ion homeostasis
Rationale: Hypoxia impairs oxidative phosphorylation, leading to decreased ATP
production. The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump requires ATP to maintain ion gradients; failure of
this pump causes intracellular sodium accumulation, water influx, and cellular swelling.
This is the hallmark of hypoxic cellular injury.
2. A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular wall thickening.
Which mechanism best explains this adaptation?
• A) Increased myocyte number due to cell division
• B) Increased myocyte size due to increased workload
• C) Replacement of cardiac cells with fibrous tissue
• D) Transformation of cardiac cells into smooth muscle
Correct Answer: B) Increased myocyte size due to increased workload
, Rationale: Cardiac myocytes are terminally differentiated and respond to increased
workload by hypertrophy (increased cell size), not hyperplasia (increased cell number).
The increased afterload from hypertension causes the left ventricle to work harder,
leading to thickening of the ventricular wall.
3. What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?
• A) Enzymatic digestion halts DNA synthesis
• B) Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production
• C) Edema from sodium influx causes reduction in ATP production
• D) Potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, destroying infrastructure
Correct Answer: B) Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production
Rationale: Plasma membrane damage allows calcium to enter the cell and accumulate
in mitochondria. Excess calcium disrupts oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production,
leading to cell injury and potential apoptosis.
4. Which statement best describes a characteristic of apoptosis?
• A) Apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered single cells
• B) Apoptosis is characterized by swelling of the nucleus and cytoplasm
• C) Apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
• D) Apoptosis results in benign malignancies
Correct Answer: A) Apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered single
cells
