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Fundamentals of Psychopathology, 11th Edition
by Ronald Comer, Jonathan Comer
SC
O
R
EG
U
ID
ES
, Table of Content
Chapter 1 Psychopathology: Past and Present
Chapter 2 Models of Psychopathology
Chapter 3 Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Chapter 4 Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Related Disorders
SC
Chapter 5 Disorders of Trauma and Stress
Chapter 6 Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Chapter 7 Suicide
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Chapter 8 Disorders Featuring Somatic Symptoms
R
Chapter 9 eating disorders
Chapter 10 Substance Use and Addictive Disorders Depressants
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Chapter 11 Sexual Disorders
Chapter 12 Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
U
Chapter 13 Personality Disorders
Chapter 14 Disorders Common Among Children and Adolescents
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Chapter 15 Disorders of Aging and Cognition
Chapter 16 Law, Society, and the Mental Health Profession
ES
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Essay
1. Psychopathology may include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. Explain what these terms mean
regarding psychopathology and provide an example of a time when each feature of psychopathology would not be
considered pathological.
ANSWER: There are said to be four Ds of psychopathology.
SC
The first feature is deviance, which describes behavior, thoughts, and emotions that are atypical for
their place and time. An example of atypical behavior that would not be considered pathological is a
person who sleeps outside when camping. While sleeping outdoors is not the norm in our society, we
make exception for this behavior under this specific circumstance.
The second feature is distress. When an individual feels distress over symptom manifestation, we often
consider this to be a marker of psychopathology. An example of when distress would not be
O
considered pathological would be a situation in which a parent experiences distress because their child
is serving in the military in a war zone. The feelings of distress inherent in a child serving abroad would
not be a sign of psychopathology.
R
The third feature is dysfunction. Behavior tends to be considered dysfunctional when it interrupts the
ability to function in daily living. An example of when dysfunction would not be considered pathological
would be if someone voluntarily engaged in a hunger strike out as a form of protest. Often these
individuals are considered heroic rather than dysfunctional.
EG
The final feature is danger, which is usually classified as an individual being a danger to themselves or
others. An example of when dangerous behavior would not be considered pathological could be a
firefighter or other emergency responder who risks injury and death in the service of others as part of
their professional calling.
2. How do differences between cultures, and cultural changes over time, make it hard to be consistent about what we
U
call deviant?
ANSWER: Different cultures have different norms about personal appearance and behavior. This means that
before we can say, for instance, whether a young woman's desire to stretch her neck with brass rings
ID
is typical or deviant, we have to decide whether we are judging her by Western standards or by the
standards of a culture where neck-lengthening is common practice. In addition, although heavy
tattooing on a person's neck and arms would once have been considered strange and possibly deviant
in the United States, it has become relatively common. Even clearly unhealthy behavior, like binge
ES
drinking, is so much part of the culture in some places (on college campuses, for instance) that it is
hard to classify it as deviant.
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Essay
3. Suppose a friend says to you, "I feel overwhelmed today, and I don't know why. You're studying psychology—
what do you think?" If, after a conversation, your friend feels better about things, have you provided true therapy?
Why or why not? Include the essential features of therapy in your answer.
ANSWER: According to the text, this interaction does not qualify as psychological therapy. Clinical theorist
SC
Jerome Frank stated that all true therapy has three essential features. The first feature is a patient who
seeks relief from the healer. The second feature of true therapy is that it must be administered by a
trained, socially accepted healer who has expertise in what the individual is diagnosed with. The third
essential element of therapy is that there should be a series of contacts with the patient to produce
changes. Given the criteria set out by Jerome Frank, this encounter does not meet the criteria for true
therapy because a psych student is not the same as a trained healer with expertise, and there was not a
O
series of contacts to produce any changes. Although listening can sometimes bring great relief, there is
a great difference between therapy and simply being a good friend.
4. Compare and contrast how psychopathology was viewed and treated in the past with the way it is viewed and
R
treated today. Are the changes for the better or the worse?
ANSWER: The changes have been generally, though not uniformly, for the better. In the distant past, the belief that
EG
evil spirits or dark forces created psychological dysfunction permeated the belief about people with
mental illness and their treatment. Eventually, the view evolved so that psychopathology was caused by
natural factors, either in the body or in the mind.
Along with the more naturalistic way of thinking about psychopathology came better treatment of
people with mental illness. At first, those experiencing psychopathology were simply warehoused in
asylums, where they received no meaningful treatment. In time, however, the "moral treatment"
U
championed by reformers such as Tuke, Pinel, Rush, and Dix revolutionized the way in which people
with mental illness were viewed and treated. Although this movement did not permanently change the
institutional landscape, its framing of mental illness as something to be treated set the stage for those
ID
like Freud to develop theories that viewed clients and treatments with humanity.
Psychotropic medication discovered in the twentieth century allowed many who may not have had a
chance of recovery otherwise to function outside of an institutional setting. Psychotropic medications of
the past also solidified the status of mental illness as a treatable and often biologically based illness. At
the same time, deinstitutionalization was not an unmixed blessing. For people released from institutions,
ES
the care and support structure provided when they left was sorely lacking, and that remains the case
today. Many people with mental illness are still unhoused or in prisons.
Fundamentals of Psychopathology, 11th Edition
by Ronald Comer, Jonathan Comer
SC
O
R
EG
U
ID
ES
, Table of Content
Chapter 1 Psychopathology: Past and Present
Chapter 2 Models of Psychopathology
Chapter 3 Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Chapter 4 Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Related Disorders
SC
Chapter 5 Disorders of Trauma and Stress
Chapter 6 Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Chapter 7 Suicide
O
Chapter 8 Disorders Featuring Somatic Symptoms
R
Chapter 9 eating disorders
Chapter 10 Substance Use and Addictive Disorders Depressants
EG
Chapter 11 Sexual Disorders
Chapter 12 Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
U
Chapter 13 Personality Disorders
Chapter 14 Disorders Common Among Children and Adolescents
ID
Chapter 15 Disorders of Aging and Cognition
Chapter 16 Law, Society, and the Mental Health Profession
ES
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Essay
1. Psychopathology may include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. Explain what these terms mean
regarding psychopathology and provide an example of a time when each feature of psychopathology would not be
considered pathological.
ANSWER: There are said to be four Ds of psychopathology.
SC
The first feature is deviance, which describes behavior, thoughts, and emotions that are atypical for
their place and time. An example of atypical behavior that would not be considered pathological is a
person who sleeps outside when camping. While sleeping outdoors is not the norm in our society, we
make exception for this behavior under this specific circumstance.
The second feature is distress. When an individual feels distress over symptom manifestation, we often
consider this to be a marker of psychopathology. An example of when distress would not be
O
considered pathological would be a situation in which a parent experiences distress because their child
is serving in the military in a war zone. The feelings of distress inherent in a child serving abroad would
not be a sign of psychopathology.
R
The third feature is dysfunction. Behavior tends to be considered dysfunctional when it interrupts the
ability to function in daily living. An example of when dysfunction would not be considered pathological
would be if someone voluntarily engaged in a hunger strike out as a form of protest. Often these
individuals are considered heroic rather than dysfunctional.
EG
The final feature is danger, which is usually classified as an individual being a danger to themselves or
others. An example of when dangerous behavior would not be considered pathological could be a
firefighter or other emergency responder who risks injury and death in the service of others as part of
their professional calling.
2. How do differences between cultures, and cultural changes over time, make it hard to be consistent about what we
U
call deviant?
ANSWER: Different cultures have different norms about personal appearance and behavior. This means that
before we can say, for instance, whether a young woman's desire to stretch her neck with brass rings
ID
is typical or deviant, we have to decide whether we are judging her by Western standards or by the
standards of a culture where neck-lengthening is common practice. In addition, although heavy
tattooing on a person's neck and arms would once have been considered strange and possibly deviant
in the United States, it has become relatively common. Even clearly unhealthy behavior, like binge
ES
drinking, is so much part of the culture in some places (on college campuses, for instance) that it is
hard to classify it as deviant.
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - Essay
3. Suppose a friend says to you, "I feel overwhelmed today, and I don't know why. You're studying psychology—
what do you think?" If, after a conversation, your friend feels better about things, have you provided true therapy?
Why or why not? Include the essential features of therapy in your answer.
ANSWER: According to the text, this interaction does not qualify as psychological therapy. Clinical theorist
SC
Jerome Frank stated that all true therapy has three essential features. The first feature is a patient who
seeks relief from the healer. The second feature of true therapy is that it must be administered by a
trained, socially accepted healer who has expertise in what the individual is diagnosed with. The third
essential element of therapy is that there should be a series of contacts with the patient to produce
changes. Given the criteria set out by Jerome Frank, this encounter does not meet the criteria for true
therapy because a psych student is not the same as a trained healer with expertise, and there was not a
O
series of contacts to produce any changes. Although listening can sometimes bring great relief, there is
a great difference between therapy and simply being a good friend.
4. Compare and contrast how psychopathology was viewed and treated in the past with the way it is viewed and
R
treated today. Are the changes for the better or the worse?
ANSWER: The changes have been generally, though not uniformly, for the better. In the distant past, the belief that
EG
evil spirits or dark forces created psychological dysfunction permeated the belief about people with
mental illness and their treatment. Eventually, the view evolved so that psychopathology was caused by
natural factors, either in the body or in the mind.
Along with the more naturalistic way of thinking about psychopathology came better treatment of
people with mental illness. At first, those experiencing psychopathology were simply warehoused in
asylums, where they received no meaningful treatment. In time, however, the "moral treatment"
U
championed by reformers such as Tuke, Pinel, Rush, and Dix revolutionized the way in which people
with mental illness were viewed and treated. Although this movement did not permanently change the
institutional landscape, its framing of mental illness as something to be treated set the stage for those
ID
like Freud to develop theories that viewed clients and treatments with humanity.
Psychotropic medication discovered in the twentieth century allowed many who may not have had a
chance of recovery otherwise to function outside of an institutional setting. Psychotropic medications of
the past also solidified the status of mental illness as a treatable and often biologically based illness. At
the same time, deinstitutionalization was not an unmixed blessing. For people released from institutions,
ES
the care and support structure provided when they left was sorely lacking, and that remains the case
today. Many people with mental illness are still unhoused or in prisons.
