BIL 255 CORRECT FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What does a chloroplast do - ✔✔Use sunlight for energy. Used in photosyn
✔✔Eukaryotes genome - ✔✔derived from archaea and bacteria
✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ✔✔internal membrane system found in eukaryotic
cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled. Also makes
material to export from cell
✔✔Golgi apparatus - ✔✔stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
✔✔Lysosomes - ✔✔An organelle containing digestive enzymes
✔✔Peroxisomes - ✔✔Produce hydrogen peroxide; detoxify harmful substances
✔✔transport vesicles - ✔✔Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another.
✔✔Cytosol - ✔✔Fluid portion of cytoplasm
✔✔Cytoskeleton - ✔✔A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to
keep its shape, and AIDS MOVEMENT
✔✔Filaments of the cytoskeleton - ✔✔actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments
✔✔actin filaments - ✔✔thin protein fibers
they serve as a central part of the machinery responsible for muscle contraction
✔✔Microtubules - ✔✔Thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle
fibers.
, in dividing cells, they become reorganized into a spectacular array that helps pull the
duplicated chromosomes apart and distribute them equally to the two daughter cells
✔✔intermediate filament - ✔✔strengthen animal cells
✔✔Unicellular Model Organisms - ✔✔e.coli (pro) - helps understand fundamental life
mechanisms
yeast (euk) - helps us understand the genetics of sexual reproduction
✔✔multicellular model organisms - ✔✔Arabidopsis thaliana is a model plant.
This small weed has become the favorite organism of plant molecular and
developmental biologists.
Drosophila melanogaster is a favorite among developmental biologists and geneticists.
Molecular genetic studies on this small fly have provided a key to the understanding of
how all animals develop.
Caenorhabditis elegans is a small worm that normally lives in the soil.
Most individuals are hermaphrodites, producing both sperm and eggs (the latter of
which can be seen just beneath the skin along the underside of the animal). C. elegans
was the first multicellular organism to have its complete genome sequenced.
Figure 1-38 Zebrafish are popular models for studies of vertebrate development.
(A) These small, hardy, tropical fish—a staple in many home aquaria—are easy and
cheap to breed and maintain. (B) They are also ideal for developmental studies,
Different species share similar genes. human baby and the mouse
✔✔What do neutrons do? - ✔✔Stabilize the nucleus
✔✔What's in the nucleus - ✔✔protons and neutrons
✔✔What makes up 96% of organism's mass and 99% of atoms in body - ✔✔CHON
✔✔what constitute 0.9% of the total atoms in body - ✔✔Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, S, Cl
✔✔ionic bond - ✔✔Formed when one or more electrons are donated from one atom to
another
✔✔covalent bond - ✔✔A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons
between atoms in a molecule
✔✔Hydrogen bonds are - ✔✔weak
, ✔✔hydrogen bond - ✔✔When a positively charged region of one water molecule (that
is, one of its H atoms) comes close to a negatively charged region (that is, the O) of a
second water molecule, the electrical attraction between them can establish a weak
bond
✔✔non covalent bonds - ✔✔chemical association that does not involve the sharing of
electrons; singly they are relatively weak, but they can sum together to produce strong,
highly specific interactions between molecules
✔✔electrostatic attraction - ✔✔Force that draws together oppositely charged atoms.
Examples include ionic bonds and the attractions between molecules containing polar
covalent bonds.
✔✔Van der Waals attraction - ✔✔Weak noncovalent interaction, due to fluctuating
electrical charges, that comes into play between two atoms within a short distance of
each other.
✔✔hydrophobic forces - ✔✔noncovalent interaction that forces together the
hydrophobic portions of dissolved molecules to minimize their disruption of the
hydrogen-bonded network of water; causes membrane phospholipids to self-assemble
into a bilayer and helps to fold proteins into a compact, globular shape.
✔✔where is bacterial dna found - ✔✔cytoplasm
✔✔What, if any, are the advantages in being multicellular? - ✔✔ifferent cells take on
specialized functions and cooperate with one another, so that any one cell type does
not have to perform all activities for itself. Through such division of labor, multicellular
organisms are able to exploit food sources that are inaccessible to single-celled
organisms. A plant, for example, can reach the soil with its roots to take up water and
nutrients, while at the same time, its leaves above ground can harvest light energy and
CO2 from the air. By protecting its reproductive cells with other specialized cells, the
multicellular organism can develop new ways to survive in harsh environments or to
fight off predators. When food runs out, it may be able to preserve its reproductive cells
by allowing them to draw upon resources stored by their companions—or even to
cannibalize relatives (a common process, in fact).
✔✔what bonds are strong enough to survive conditions inside cell - ✔✔covalent
✔✔acids - ✔✔Produces H+ (Arrhenius)
Proton (H+) donor (Brønsted-Lowry)
Electron pair acceptor (Lewis)
pH below 6
✔✔base - ✔✔Produces OH- (Arrhenius)
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What does a chloroplast do - ✔✔Use sunlight for energy. Used in photosyn
✔✔Eukaryotes genome - ✔✔derived from archaea and bacteria
✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ✔✔internal membrane system found in eukaryotic
cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled. Also makes
material to export from cell
✔✔Golgi apparatus - ✔✔stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
✔✔Lysosomes - ✔✔An organelle containing digestive enzymes
✔✔Peroxisomes - ✔✔Produce hydrogen peroxide; detoxify harmful substances
✔✔transport vesicles - ✔✔Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another.
✔✔Cytosol - ✔✔Fluid portion of cytoplasm
✔✔Cytoskeleton - ✔✔A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to
keep its shape, and AIDS MOVEMENT
✔✔Filaments of the cytoskeleton - ✔✔actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments
✔✔actin filaments - ✔✔thin protein fibers
they serve as a central part of the machinery responsible for muscle contraction
✔✔Microtubules - ✔✔Thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle
fibers.
, in dividing cells, they become reorganized into a spectacular array that helps pull the
duplicated chromosomes apart and distribute them equally to the two daughter cells
✔✔intermediate filament - ✔✔strengthen animal cells
✔✔Unicellular Model Organisms - ✔✔e.coli (pro) - helps understand fundamental life
mechanisms
yeast (euk) - helps us understand the genetics of sexual reproduction
✔✔multicellular model organisms - ✔✔Arabidopsis thaliana is a model plant.
This small weed has become the favorite organism of plant molecular and
developmental biologists.
Drosophila melanogaster is a favorite among developmental biologists and geneticists.
Molecular genetic studies on this small fly have provided a key to the understanding of
how all animals develop.
Caenorhabditis elegans is a small worm that normally lives in the soil.
Most individuals are hermaphrodites, producing both sperm and eggs (the latter of
which can be seen just beneath the skin along the underside of the animal). C. elegans
was the first multicellular organism to have its complete genome sequenced.
Figure 1-38 Zebrafish are popular models for studies of vertebrate development.
(A) These small, hardy, tropical fish—a staple in many home aquaria—are easy and
cheap to breed and maintain. (B) They are also ideal for developmental studies,
Different species share similar genes. human baby and the mouse
✔✔What do neutrons do? - ✔✔Stabilize the nucleus
✔✔What's in the nucleus - ✔✔protons and neutrons
✔✔What makes up 96% of organism's mass and 99% of atoms in body - ✔✔CHON
✔✔what constitute 0.9% of the total atoms in body - ✔✔Na, Mg, K, Ca, P, S, Cl
✔✔ionic bond - ✔✔Formed when one or more electrons are donated from one atom to
another
✔✔covalent bond - ✔✔A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons
between atoms in a molecule
✔✔Hydrogen bonds are - ✔✔weak
, ✔✔hydrogen bond - ✔✔When a positively charged region of one water molecule (that
is, one of its H atoms) comes close to a negatively charged region (that is, the O) of a
second water molecule, the electrical attraction between them can establish a weak
bond
✔✔non covalent bonds - ✔✔chemical association that does not involve the sharing of
electrons; singly they are relatively weak, but they can sum together to produce strong,
highly specific interactions between molecules
✔✔electrostatic attraction - ✔✔Force that draws together oppositely charged atoms.
Examples include ionic bonds and the attractions between molecules containing polar
covalent bonds.
✔✔Van der Waals attraction - ✔✔Weak noncovalent interaction, due to fluctuating
electrical charges, that comes into play between two atoms within a short distance of
each other.
✔✔hydrophobic forces - ✔✔noncovalent interaction that forces together the
hydrophobic portions of dissolved molecules to minimize their disruption of the
hydrogen-bonded network of water; causes membrane phospholipids to self-assemble
into a bilayer and helps to fold proteins into a compact, globular shape.
✔✔where is bacterial dna found - ✔✔cytoplasm
✔✔What, if any, are the advantages in being multicellular? - ✔✔ifferent cells take on
specialized functions and cooperate with one another, so that any one cell type does
not have to perform all activities for itself. Through such division of labor, multicellular
organisms are able to exploit food sources that are inaccessible to single-celled
organisms. A plant, for example, can reach the soil with its roots to take up water and
nutrients, while at the same time, its leaves above ground can harvest light energy and
CO2 from the air. By protecting its reproductive cells with other specialized cells, the
multicellular organism can develop new ways to survive in harsh environments or to
fight off predators. When food runs out, it may be able to preserve its reproductive cells
by allowing them to draw upon resources stored by their companions—or even to
cannibalize relatives (a common process, in fact).
✔✔what bonds are strong enough to survive conditions inside cell - ✔✔covalent
✔✔acids - ✔✔Produces H+ (Arrhenius)
Proton (H+) donor (Brønsted-Lowry)
Electron pair acceptor (Lewis)
pH below 6
✔✔base - ✔✔Produces OH- (Arrhenius)
