BIL 255 UPDATED EXAMS SCRIPT QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔amphipathic - ✔✔having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region
✔✔how are fatty acids bonded - ✔✔covalently linked by COOH group
✔✔saturated fatty acids - ✔✔No double bonds; solid at room temperature.
✔✔unsaturated fatty acids - ✔✔have one or more double bonds
Double bond creates a kink in the tail and interferes with its ability to pack
✔✔Lipids - ✔✔Energy-rich organic compound. Hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails
✔✔Where are fatty acids kept and what do they do - ✔✔food reserves in cells
They break down to produce 6 times as much usable energy as glucose.
They are stored in the cytosol of many cells in the form of triacylglycerol.
✔✔Amino acids are subunits of - ✔✔proteins
✔✔What are amino acids composed of? - ✔✔COOH group and an NH2 group attached
to a central a-carbon
✔✔What bonds amino acids in a protein - ✔✔peptide bonds (type of covalent bond)
✔✔How do amino acids form - ✔✔peptide bond go through condensation . Amino
groups have an N-terminus and C-terminus on opposite ends. These ends give the
polypeptide directionality
✔✔Nucleotides are subunits of - ✔✔DNA and RNA
, ✔✔subunits of DNA and RNA are know as --- and what are they - ✔✔BASES
Adenine, Guanine, cytosine, uracil, thymine
✔✔Pyrimidine - ✔✔cytosine, thymine, uracil
✔✔Purine - ✔✔guanine and adenine
✔✔how are nucleotide subunits linked - ✔✔by the formation of covalent phosphodiester
bonds between the phosphate group attached to the sugar of one nucleotide and a
hydroxyl group on the sugar of the next nucleotide
✔✔DNA BASES AND BONDING - ✔✔A-T - 2 H
C-G 3 H
✔✔RNA BASES AND BONDINF - ✔✔A-U
C-G
✔✔living cell -- and --- order in a universe - ✔✔create and maintain
✔✔How do cells follow the first law of thermodynamics - ✔✔Cells can convert energy
from one form to another
✔✔when do chemical reactions occur in cells - ✔✔at high temp
✔✔Metabolism - ✔✔the sum total of all the chemical reactions it needs to carry out to
survive, grow, and reproduce
Follows the First Law of Thermodynamics
✔✔metabolism pathways - ✔✔catabolic and anabolic
✔✔catabolic pathways - ✔✔Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down
complex molecules into simpler compounds. loses heat
✔✔The purpose of energy from the catabolic pathway - ✔✔helps with building and used
for anabolism
✔✔anabolic - ✔✔biosynthesis that uses energy to drive the synthesis of molecules
✔✔how do cells follow the second law of thermodynamics - ✔✔surviving and growing.
Reaction causes Entropy to increase (and generate heat)
This is because energy is dispersed in the cell surroundings, and since the cell is not
isolated, there will be an increase in thermal energy and therefore an increase in
entropy. "Because the cell is not an isolated system, the heat energy produced by
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔amphipathic - ✔✔having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region
✔✔how are fatty acids bonded - ✔✔covalently linked by COOH group
✔✔saturated fatty acids - ✔✔No double bonds; solid at room temperature.
✔✔unsaturated fatty acids - ✔✔have one or more double bonds
Double bond creates a kink in the tail and interferes with its ability to pack
✔✔Lipids - ✔✔Energy-rich organic compound. Hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails
✔✔Where are fatty acids kept and what do they do - ✔✔food reserves in cells
They break down to produce 6 times as much usable energy as glucose.
They are stored in the cytosol of many cells in the form of triacylglycerol.
✔✔Amino acids are subunits of - ✔✔proteins
✔✔What are amino acids composed of? - ✔✔COOH group and an NH2 group attached
to a central a-carbon
✔✔What bonds amino acids in a protein - ✔✔peptide bonds (type of covalent bond)
✔✔How do amino acids form - ✔✔peptide bond go through condensation . Amino
groups have an N-terminus and C-terminus on opposite ends. These ends give the
polypeptide directionality
✔✔Nucleotides are subunits of - ✔✔DNA and RNA
, ✔✔subunits of DNA and RNA are know as --- and what are they - ✔✔BASES
Adenine, Guanine, cytosine, uracil, thymine
✔✔Pyrimidine - ✔✔cytosine, thymine, uracil
✔✔Purine - ✔✔guanine and adenine
✔✔how are nucleotide subunits linked - ✔✔by the formation of covalent phosphodiester
bonds between the phosphate group attached to the sugar of one nucleotide and a
hydroxyl group on the sugar of the next nucleotide
✔✔DNA BASES AND BONDING - ✔✔A-T - 2 H
C-G 3 H
✔✔RNA BASES AND BONDINF - ✔✔A-U
C-G
✔✔living cell -- and --- order in a universe - ✔✔create and maintain
✔✔How do cells follow the first law of thermodynamics - ✔✔Cells can convert energy
from one form to another
✔✔when do chemical reactions occur in cells - ✔✔at high temp
✔✔Metabolism - ✔✔the sum total of all the chemical reactions it needs to carry out to
survive, grow, and reproduce
Follows the First Law of Thermodynamics
✔✔metabolism pathways - ✔✔catabolic and anabolic
✔✔catabolic pathways - ✔✔Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down
complex molecules into simpler compounds. loses heat
✔✔The purpose of energy from the catabolic pathway - ✔✔helps with building and used
for anabolism
✔✔anabolic - ✔✔biosynthesis that uses energy to drive the synthesis of molecules
✔✔how do cells follow the second law of thermodynamics - ✔✔surviving and growing.
Reaction causes Entropy to increase (and generate heat)
This is because energy is dispersed in the cell surroundings, and since the cell is not
isolated, there will be an increase in thermal energy and therefore an increase in
entropy. "Because the cell is not an isolated system, the heat energy produced by
