NUTR 331 END OF COURSE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔7 roles of water in the body - ✔✔1. Carries nutrients throughout the body
2. Serves as a solvent (amino acids, glucose, vitamins)
3. Cleanses the tissues and blood of wastes
4. Actively participates in many chemical reactions
5. Acts as a lubricant around joints
6. Serves as a shock absorber inside the eyes, spinal cord, joints. and
amniotic sac
7. Aids in maintaining the body's temperature
✔✔state an adult's daily water needs - ✔✔Adult men and women need 1.8L to 3.25L (9
to 13 cups)/day
✔✔Beverages and foods that can help meet water needs - ✔✔tap water, milk, juice,
coffee, celery, lettuce, tea
✔✔body's daily requirement for sodium - ✔✔1500mg (2300mg for athletes)
✔✔the effects of excess sodium - ✔✔excess sodium chloride is a major cause of
hypertension, heart disease, stroke and renal failure
✔✔Major dietary sources of sodium - ✔✔Processed Foods (table salt, cheese, bread,
canned soup)
✔✔Daily Requirement for potassium - ✔✔4700 mg/d
✔✔Effects of inadequate potassium - ✔✔Hypertension, muscle weakness, paralysis,
confusion
,✔✔Major dietary sources of potassium - ✔✔Cereal (high fiber), banana, lima beans,
potatoes, soy fortified beverage
✔✔5 factors of affecting calcium absorption - ✔✔1. Lactose increases absorption by 15-
50%
2. Decrease vitamin D = decrease calcium absorption
3. calcium binders (oxalic acid)
4. the relative need for calcium (infancy, childhood, pregnancy = increased calcium
absorption by 10-50%
5. physical activity - bed rest or immobilization of bones causes loss of bone calcium.
Bones require the stress of weight to balance deposition and resorption. Without the
stress of body weight and exercise, bone resorption exceeds deposition resulting in a
net loss of bone
✔✔Major Dietary Sources of calcium - ✔✔tofu (calcium salt), milk, cheese, yogurt, soy
beverage, sardines with bones
✔✔Functions of oxalic acid and sources - ✔✔1. Calcium binders that help increase
calcium absorption
2. Swiss chard and rhubarb. Kale has calcium and little or no oxalic acid
✔✔describe the condition of osteoporosis - ✔✔1. Result of suboptimal and marginal
intakes of calcium throughout life (post menopausal women).
2. Low calcium intake is a significant factor but has many factors for cause
3. Negative calcium balance- much calcium was withdrawn from bone, making the bone
porous and of low mass. As a result, bones become more susceptible to fracture,
especially at the wrist, spine, and hip.
4. Level of peak bone mass at approximately 30 years of age is a major factor
determining the risk of developing osteoporosis.
5. A diet that meets the recommended intakes of all bone nutrients, most notably
calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, is important throughout life
✔✔6 dietary factors and physical activity affecting bone density and the risk of
developing osteoporosis - ✔✔1. condition is multifactorial (not just lack of calcium)
2. Inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D, which are both important for bone health
3. Smoking increases risk of osteoporosis
4. Excess sodium and caffeine (and other factors) increase calcium loss in urine
5. Adequate potassium intake lowers calcium loss in urine
6. Exercise is also protective against osteoporosis
✔✔Nutritional significance of trace minerals - ✔✔1. trace minerals are essential for
many vital functions (despite being being <0.01% of body weight)
2. Involved in many enzyme and hormone systems as well as being constituents of
some body compounds
, ✔✔4 important trace minerals and their functions - ✔✔1. Iron- hemoglobin and used for
oxygen transport
2. Zinc- insulin and used for glucose utilization
3. Fluoride- fluorapatite and used for strengthening teeth
4. Iodine- thyroxine and used for regulation of energy metabolism
✔✔4 functions of iron - ✔✔1. Iron helps form and oxygenate our blood cells and
hemoglobin
2. Iron helps convert food to energy
3. Iron helps maintain a normal immune system
4. Iron contributes to normal cognitive function
✔✔Factors that increase iron absorption - ✔✔low iron stores, heme- iron(meat), Vitamin
C, and MFP Factor
✔✔Factors that decrease iron absorption - ✔✔High iron stores, Coffee, calcium and
phosphorus, fiber, and non-heme iron (veg, some meat)
✔✔Iron deficiency and major dietary sources of iron - ✔✔1. Iron deficiency is the most
common nutritional deficiency worldwide, affecting all socioeconomic groups. Infants,
children, and pregnant women are the groups most affected.
2. First stage is iron deficiency when iron stores are depleted. (20% women and 3%
men)
3. Second stage is anemia and occurs when iron stores are completely exhausted and
hemoglobin levels begin to drop (8% women and 1% men)
3. Cereal, beef live, tofu, ground beef, clams, parsley
✔✔How to treat anemia - ✔✔iron supplementation can treat anemia if it is caused by
iron deficiency alone (Nutritional anemia may also be caused by various other
deficiencies)
✔✔Appropriate use of vitamin and mineral supplements - ✔✔1. Vitamin and mineral
supplements are not usually necessary for people who eat a well-balanced diet.
2. Supplementation can be made for olate and Vitamin D
3. Appropriate for nutrient deficient people (pregnant women, newborns, infants, elderly)
✔✔Hazards of supplementation - ✔✔Antioxidant vitamins (beta-carotene, vitamin E and
vitamin C) may increase the risk of lung cancer. These vitamins led to an increase of
about 2-5% in total mortality
✔✔Chronic diseases associated with affluent lifestyles in developed countries - ✔✔1.
Many Canadians' diets are too high in trans fats, sodium, calories, and too low in dietary
fibre
2. Metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, gallstones, and
osteoporosis
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔7 roles of water in the body - ✔✔1. Carries nutrients throughout the body
2. Serves as a solvent (amino acids, glucose, vitamins)
3. Cleanses the tissues and blood of wastes
4. Actively participates in many chemical reactions
5. Acts as a lubricant around joints
6. Serves as a shock absorber inside the eyes, spinal cord, joints. and
amniotic sac
7. Aids in maintaining the body's temperature
✔✔state an adult's daily water needs - ✔✔Adult men and women need 1.8L to 3.25L (9
to 13 cups)/day
✔✔Beverages and foods that can help meet water needs - ✔✔tap water, milk, juice,
coffee, celery, lettuce, tea
✔✔body's daily requirement for sodium - ✔✔1500mg (2300mg for athletes)
✔✔the effects of excess sodium - ✔✔excess sodium chloride is a major cause of
hypertension, heart disease, stroke and renal failure
✔✔Major dietary sources of sodium - ✔✔Processed Foods (table salt, cheese, bread,
canned soup)
✔✔Daily Requirement for potassium - ✔✔4700 mg/d
✔✔Effects of inadequate potassium - ✔✔Hypertension, muscle weakness, paralysis,
confusion
,✔✔Major dietary sources of potassium - ✔✔Cereal (high fiber), banana, lima beans,
potatoes, soy fortified beverage
✔✔5 factors of affecting calcium absorption - ✔✔1. Lactose increases absorption by 15-
50%
2. Decrease vitamin D = decrease calcium absorption
3. calcium binders (oxalic acid)
4. the relative need for calcium (infancy, childhood, pregnancy = increased calcium
absorption by 10-50%
5. physical activity - bed rest or immobilization of bones causes loss of bone calcium.
Bones require the stress of weight to balance deposition and resorption. Without the
stress of body weight and exercise, bone resorption exceeds deposition resulting in a
net loss of bone
✔✔Major Dietary Sources of calcium - ✔✔tofu (calcium salt), milk, cheese, yogurt, soy
beverage, sardines with bones
✔✔Functions of oxalic acid and sources - ✔✔1. Calcium binders that help increase
calcium absorption
2. Swiss chard and rhubarb. Kale has calcium and little or no oxalic acid
✔✔describe the condition of osteoporosis - ✔✔1. Result of suboptimal and marginal
intakes of calcium throughout life (post menopausal women).
2. Low calcium intake is a significant factor but has many factors for cause
3. Negative calcium balance- much calcium was withdrawn from bone, making the bone
porous and of low mass. As a result, bones become more susceptible to fracture,
especially at the wrist, spine, and hip.
4. Level of peak bone mass at approximately 30 years of age is a major factor
determining the risk of developing osteoporosis.
5. A diet that meets the recommended intakes of all bone nutrients, most notably
calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, is important throughout life
✔✔6 dietary factors and physical activity affecting bone density and the risk of
developing osteoporosis - ✔✔1. condition is multifactorial (not just lack of calcium)
2. Inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D, which are both important for bone health
3. Smoking increases risk of osteoporosis
4. Excess sodium and caffeine (and other factors) increase calcium loss in urine
5. Adequate potassium intake lowers calcium loss in urine
6. Exercise is also protective against osteoporosis
✔✔Nutritional significance of trace minerals - ✔✔1. trace minerals are essential for
many vital functions (despite being being <0.01% of body weight)
2. Involved in many enzyme and hormone systems as well as being constituents of
some body compounds
, ✔✔4 important trace minerals and their functions - ✔✔1. Iron- hemoglobin and used for
oxygen transport
2. Zinc- insulin and used for glucose utilization
3. Fluoride- fluorapatite and used for strengthening teeth
4. Iodine- thyroxine and used for regulation of energy metabolism
✔✔4 functions of iron - ✔✔1. Iron helps form and oxygenate our blood cells and
hemoglobin
2. Iron helps convert food to energy
3. Iron helps maintain a normal immune system
4. Iron contributes to normal cognitive function
✔✔Factors that increase iron absorption - ✔✔low iron stores, heme- iron(meat), Vitamin
C, and MFP Factor
✔✔Factors that decrease iron absorption - ✔✔High iron stores, Coffee, calcium and
phosphorus, fiber, and non-heme iron (veg, some meat)
✔✔Iron deficiency and major dietary sources of iron - ✔✔1. Iron deficiency is the most
common nutritional deficiency worldwide, affecting all socioeconomic groups. Infants,
children, and pregnant women are the groups most affected.
2. First stage is iron deficiency when iron stores are depleted. (20% women and 3%
men)
3. Second stage is anemia and occurs when iron stores are completely exhausted and
hemoglobin levels begin to drop (8% women and 1% men)
3. Cereal, beef live, tofu, ground beef, clams, parsley
✔✔How to treat anemia - ✔✔iron supplementation can treat anemia if it is caused by
iron deficiency alone (Nutritional anemia may also be caused by various other
deficiencies)
✔✔Appropriate use of vitamin and mineral supplements - ✔✔1. Vitamin and mineral
supplements are not usually necessary for people who eat a well-balanced diet.
2. Supplementation can be made for olate and Vitamin D
3. Appropriate for nutrient deficient people (pregnant women, newborns, infants, elderly)
✔✔Hazards of supplementation - ✔✔Antioxidant vitamins (beta-carotene, vitamin E and
vitamin C) may increase the risk of lung cancer. These vitamins led to an increase of
about 2-5% in total mortality
✔✔Chronic diseases associated with affluent lifestyles in developed countries - ✔✔1.
Many Canadians' diets are too high in trans fats, sodium, calories, and too low in dietary
fibre
2. Metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, gallstones, and
osteoporosis
