APEA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM AND
PRACTICE EXAM TEST BANK WITH ACTUAL
CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
DETAILED ANSWERS| CURRENTLY TESTING
VERSION | ALREADY GRADED A+|EXPERT
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS 2026/2027
In a patient with a ventricular septal defect, blood flows:
through the left ventricle back to the heart
to the left atrium and into the lungs
to the right ventricle and into the lungs
through the right atrium back to the heart
to the right ventricle and into the lungs
blood flows from the left ventricle through the VSD to the right ventricle and into
the lumps
extra blood being pumped to the lungs forces the heart and lungs to work harder
Which one of the following congenital heat defects does NOT depend on left to right
shunting through ductus arteriosus for pulmonary circulation?
aortic stenosis
pulmonary atresia
pulmonary stenosis
tetralogy of Fallot
aortic stenosis
A pediatric patient with a ventricular septal defect would have which type of murmur?
Mid-diastolic
holosystolic
atypical systolic
mid-systolic
holosystolic
due to an abnormal opening between the ventricles
1|Page
,which of the following conditions may predispose patients to an atypical presentation of
myocardial ischemia?
obesity
lupus
diabetes mellitus
rheumatoid arthritis
Diabetes mellitus
women and patients with diabetes who have myocardial ischemia in the absence
of significant CAD may have microvascular disease and do not often exhibit typical
symptoms of myocardial ischemia
The formation of an atherosclerotic lesion in the arterial wall is related to high levels of:
cholesterol
HDLs
LDLs
triglycerides
LDLs
The acute inflammatory response in a myocardial infarction is associated with:
a decrease in serum cytokine concentrations
depletion of nitric oxide, causing vasoconstriction
vasodilation and increased systemic pressure
cytokine activation and vasodilation with decreased perfusion pressure
cytokine activation and vasodilation with decreased perfusion pressure
symptoms of mild heart failure include:
nocturnal dyspnea
hypotension
S3 gallop
frothy sputum
S3 gallop
The most common cause of left ventricular hypertrophy is:
heredity
hypertension
pulmonary edema
mitral regurgitation
hypertension
2|Page
,The accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity is:
endocarditis
myocarditis
pericardial effusion
cardiomyopathy
pericardial effusion
The bacteria responsible for rheumatic fever is:
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Group A streptococcus
Enterobacter species
Escherichia coli
Group A streptococcus
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that develops in pediatric patients
who have uncreated infection with Group A strep
Which birth defect of the heart is characterized by a hole in the septum that separates
the two lower chambers?
ventricular septal defect
patent ductus arteriosus
tetralogy of Fallot
atrial septal defect
ventricular septal defect
Which of the following is true about the normal heart function of an infant?
the left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood
the right ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood
the ductus arteriosus closes in the two weeks of birth
the pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood to the left ventricle
the left-ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the major risk factors contributing to the development
of:
coronary artery disease
dilated cardiomyopathy
type 1 diabetes
acute renal insufficiency
coronary artery disease
3|Page
, which congenital heart defect involves an abnormal opening between the atria that is
expected to close without surgical intervention by 12 months of age?
atrial septal defect
ventricular septal defect
patent ductus arteriosus
tetralogy of Fallot
atrial septal defect
Which heart condition is referred to as "enlarged heart"?
ventricular hypertrophy
patent ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale
ventricular stenosis
ventricular hypertrophy
which of the following assessment findings correlates with dynamic obstruction of the
left ventricle?
PVCs
lung hyperinflation
peripheral edema
Systolic murmur
systolic murmur
Which one of the following is NOT an underlying cause of obstructed coronary artery
blood flow by a thrombus?
acute myocardial infarction
stable angina
sudden coronary death
unstable angina
stable angina
Mortality associated with Kawasaki disease is most likely related to what?
splenomegaly
coronary artery aneurysm
acute renal failure
secondary pneumonia
coronary artery aneurysm
Systemic hypotension is defined as a:
mean blood pressure of <50 mmHg
stroke volume of 32 mL/m2
4|Page
PRACTICE EXAM TEST BANK WITH ACTUAL
CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
DETAILED ANSWERS| CURRENTLY TESTING
VERSION | ALREADY GRADED A+|EXPERT
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS 2026/2027
In a patient with a ventricular septal defect, blood flows:
through the left ventricle back to the heart
to the left atrium and into the lungs
to the right ventricle and into the lungs
through the right atrium back to the heart
to the right ventricle and into the lungs
blood flows from the left ventricle through the VSD to the right ventricle and into
the lumps
extra blood being pumped to the lungs forces the heart and lungs to work harder
Which one of the following congenital heat defects does NOT depend on left to right
shunting through ductus arteriosus for pulmonary circulation?
aortic stenosis
pulmonary atresia
pulmonary stenosis
tetralogy of Fallot
aortic stenosis
A pediatric patient with a ventricular septal defect would have which type of murmur?
Mid-diastolic
holosystolic
atypical systolic
mid-systolic
holosystolic
due to an abnormal opening between the ventricles
1|Page
,which of the following conditions may predispose patients to an atypical presentation of
myocardial ischemia?
obesity
lupus
diabetes mellitus
rheumatoid arthritis
Diabetes mellitus
women and patients with diabetes who have myocardial ischemia in the absence
of significant CAD may have microvascular disease and do not often exhibit typical
symptoms of myocardial ischemia
The formation of an atherosclerotic lesion in the arterial wall is related to high levels of:
cholesterol
HDLs
LDLs
triglycerides
LDLs
The acute inflammatory response in a myocardial infarction is associated with:
a decrease in serum cytokine concentrations
depletion of nitric oxide, causing vasoconstriction
vasodilation and increased systemic pressure
cytokine activation and vasodilation with decreased perfusion pressure
cytokine activation and vasodilation with decreased perfusion pressure
symptoms of mild heart failure include:
nocturnal dyspnea
hypotension
S3 gallop
frothy sputum
S3 gallop
The most common cause of left ventricular hypertrophy is:
heredity
hypertension
pulmonary edema
mitral regurgitation
hypertension
2|Page
,The accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity is:
endocarditis
myocarditis
pericardial effusion
cardiomyopathy
pericardial effusion
The bacteria responsible for rheumatic fever is:
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Group A streptococcus
Enterobacter species
Escherichia coli
Group A streptococcus
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that develops in pediatric patients
who have uncreated infection with Group A strep
Which birth defect of the heart is characterized by a hole in the septum that separates
the two lower chambers?
ventricular septal defect
patent ductus arteriosus
tetralogy of Fallot
atrial septal defect
ventricular septal defect
Which of the following is true about the normal heart function of an infant?
the left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood
the right ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood
the ductus arteriosus closes in the two weeks of birth
the pulmonary artery carries oxygen-rich blood to the left ventricle
the left-ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the major risk factors contributing to the development
of:
coronary artery disease
dilated cardiomyopathy
type 1 diabetes
acute renal insufficiency
coronary artery disease
3|Page
, which congenital heart defect involves an abnormal opening between the atria that is
expected to close without surgical intervention by 12 months of age?
atrial septal defect
ventricular septal defect
patent ductus arteriosus
tetralogy of Fallot
atrial septal defect
Which heart condition is referred to as "enlarged heart"?
ventricular hypertrophy
patent ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale
ventricular stenosis
ventricular hypertrophy
which of the following assessment findings correlates with dynamic obstruction of the
left ventricle?
PVCs
lung hyperinflation
peripheral edema
Systolic murmur
systolic murmur
Which one of the following is NOT an underlying cause of obstructed coronary artery
blood flow by a thrombus?
acute myocardial infarction
stable angina
sudden coronary death
unstable angina
stable angina
Mortality associated with Kawasaki disease is most likely related to what?
splenomegaly
coronary artery aneurysm
acute renal failure
secondary pneumonia
coronary artery aneurysm
Systemic hypotension is defined as a:
mean blood pressure of <50 mmHg
stroke volume of 32 mL/m2
4|Page
