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,Logical reasoning How the evidence helps or fails to help a conclusion, read prompt first to
identify question type.
Logical reasoning tests your understanding between any conclusions and their
supporting evidence
Methods in logical reasoning 1. Look for obvious conclusion in the stimulus
2. Visually frame the relationship between any conclusions and their supporting
evidence
Logical reasoning asks 1 or 3 things: 1. Examine the implications of the data- implication family
2. Manipulate the argument- operation family
3. Analyze the argument- characterization family
Implication family Requires you to look for implications of an argument using given facts.
Question types: must be true, might be true, must be false, probably inferred
,Stimulus Assume everything that is stated is true. Do not bring in outside information
and bias
Operation family Flip side of implication questions.
Answer choices are taken as true and the correct answer if true will affect the
stimulus.
Question types include: strengthen/weaken, crux, necessary/sufficient
assumption, resolve, explain
Characterization family Describe or characterize what the stimulus is doing. Stimulus gives an
argument. Prompt asks you to pick an answer choice that accurately describes
something about it or mirrors us. Understanding the stimulus is vital. Find main
point, describe how author reaches conclusion, describe what is wrong with
position presented, describe a point of disagreement between two speakers.
Flaw questions. Find the answer that identifies in the argument
Intro to reading comprehension Section that has the most questions, requires different reading skills and
techniques.
2 big structural elements: point of view and the author's role
Point of view 1 pov: thesis passage
2 povs: antithesis passage
3 povs: synthesis passage
, Author's role Is the author present or absent?
Own opinion: author present
Other people or group's view: author absent
Arguments proposition Unit of assertion; declarative statement. Every logical reasoning has at least
one preposition. Usually contains an argument.
Prop being supported: conclusion
Prop providing support: premises
Conclusion indicators This, therefore, hence, so, as a result, consequently, it follows that, accordingly,
clearly, it is clear that
Premise indicators Since, because, for, after all, given that, as, moreover, in addition