MMSC 490 – Clinical and Molecular Cell Biology Exam 2
2026-2027 LATEST UPDATED VERSION QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
The extended length of all the DNA in one human cell is about two
a. inches
b. centimeters
c. meters
d. millimeters - answer>>c. meters
The genomes of salamanders contain ten times more DNA than the genomes of humans because
salamanders
a. are more complex than humans
b. need more DNA so they can regenerate new limbs
c. have ten times more genes than humans have
d. have more noncoding DNA than humans have - answer>>d. have more noncoding DNA than humans
have
A chromatosome is a complex of eight core
a. histones, two histone H1 molecules, and 166 base pairs of DNA
b. histones, one histone H1 molecule, and 166 base pairs of DNA
c. histone proteins
d. histone proteins and 146 base pairs of DNA - answer>>b. histones, one histone H1 molecule, and 166
base pairs of DNA
Most of the euchromatin in interphase nuclei is in the form of .............. chromatin fibers.
a. 2-nm
b. 30-nm
,c. 300-nm
d. 10-nm - answer>>b. 30-nm
Histone genes have
a. no introns
b. larger exons than introns
c. larger introns than exons
d. a single long intron - answer>>a. no introns
Retrotransposons and retroviruses share similar mechanisms by encoding which of the following
enzymes?
a. DNA polymerase and integrase
b. Reverse transcriptase and RNA polymerase
c. RNA polymerase and integrase
d. Reverse transcriptase and integrase - answer>>d. Reverse transcriptase and integrase
Introns can encode
a. all of the above
b. microRNAs
c. sequences that control RNA processing
d. small nuclear RNAs - answer>>a. all of the above
Results of cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation on genomic DNA often reveal relatively small
peaks of DNA that separate from the main genomic DNA peak and consist of 1,000s of short repetitive
sequences referred to as
a. long interspersed elements
b. satellite DNA
c. short interspersed elements
d. transposable elements - answer>>b. satellite DNA
,Extensive digestion of chromatin with micrococcal nuclease was found to yield particles called
nucleosome core particles that appear as beads when viewed by electron microscopy. Which of the
following is not found in the nucleosome core particle?
a. Two molecules of H4 protein
b. Two molecules of of H2A protein
c. Two molecules of H3 protein
d. One molecule of H1 protein - answer>>d. One molecule of H1 protein
Pseudogenes are
a. nonfunctional gene copies
b. inactive genes
c. genes containing variant sequences
d. genes that code for an RNA but do not code for a protein - answer>>a. nonfunctional gene copies
The human genome contains only 20,000 to 25,000 actual gene sequences, yet the human genome can
produce up to 100,000 gene products. Which of the following processes accounts for this difference?
a. alternative splicing
b. spacer sequences
c. short interspersed elements (SINEs)
d. satellite DNA - answer>>a. alternative splicing
Euchromatin consists of
a. decondensed, transcriptionally active chromatin
b. highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive chromatin
c. 10-nm chromatin fibers
d. DNA associated with nucleosomes - answer>>a. decondensed, transcriptionally active chromatin
, If a human gene is found to contain five introns, the mature mRNA encoded by that gene would have
how many exons?
a. five exons
b. four exons
c. six exons
d. there could be multiple mRNAs that contain between one and six introns - answer>>d. there could be
multiple mRNAs that contain between one and six introns
Even though the complete genome is significantly smaller than humans, the flowering plant Arabidopsis
thaliana has about ............... genes, about the same number as humans have.
a. 4,000
b. 100,000
c. 6,000
d. 26,000 - answer>>d. 26,000
The chromosomes of prokaryotes differ from those of eukaryotes in that prokaryotic chromosomes are
a. linear
b. circular
c. multiple
d. complexed with histones - answer>>b. circular
Heterochromatin consists of
a. decondensed, transcriptionally active chromatin
b. 10-nm chromatin fibers
c. highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive chromatin
d. DNA associated with nucleosomes - answer>>c. highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive
chromatin
Telomeres function to
2026-2027 LATEST UPDATED VERSION QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
The extended length of all the DNA in one human cell is about two
a. inches
b. centimeters
c. meters
d. millimeters - answer>>c. meters
The genomes of salamanders contain ten times more DNA than the genomes of humans because
salamanders
a. are more complex than humans
b. need more DNA so they can regenerate new limbs
c. have ten times more genes than humans have
d. have more noncoding DNA than humans have - answer>>d. have more noncoding DNA than humans
have
A chromatosome is a complex of eight core
a. histones, two histone H1 molecules, and 166 base pairs of DNA
b. histones, one histone H1 molecule, and 166 base pairs of DNA
c. histone proteins
d. histone proteins and 146 base pairs of DNA - answer>>b. histones, one histone H1 molecule, and 166
base pairs of DNA
Most of the euchromatin in interphase nuclei is in the form of .............. chromatin fibers.
a. 2-nm
b. 30-nm
,c. 300-nm
d. 10-nm - answer>>b. 30-nm
Histone genes have
a. no introns
b. larger exons than introns
c. larger introns than exons
d. a single long intron - answer>>a. no introns
Retrotransposons and retroviruses share similar mechanisms by encoding which of the following
enzymes?
a. DNA polymerase and integrase
b. Reverse transcriptase and RNA polymerase
c. RNA polymerase and integrase
d. Reverse transcriptase and integrase - answer>>d. Reverse transcriptase and integrase
Introns can encode
a. all of the above
b. microRNAs
c. sequences that control RNA processing
d. small nuclear RNAs - answer>>a. all of the above
Results of cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation on genomic DNA often reveal relatively small
peaks of DNA that separate from the main genomic DNA peak and consist of 1,000s of short repetitive
sequences referred to as
a. long interspersed elements
b. satellite DNA
c. short interspersed elements
d. transposable elements - answer>>b. satellite DNA
,Extensive digestion of chromatin with micrococcal nuclease was found to yield particles called
nucleosome core particles that appear as beads when viewed by electron microscopy. Which of the
following is not found in the nucleosome core particle?
a. Two molecules of H4 protein
b. Two molecules of of H2A protein
c. Two molecules of H3 protein
d. One molecule of H1 protein - answer>>d. One molecule of H1 protein
Pseudogenes are
a. nonfunctional gene copies
b. inactive genes
c. genes containing variant sequences
d. genes that code for an RNA but do not code for a protein - answer>>a. nonfunctional gene copies
The human genome contains only 20,000 to 25,000 actual gene sequences, yet the human genome can
produce up to 100,000 gene products. Which of the following processes accounts for this difference?
a. alternative splicing
b. spacer sequences
c. short interspersed elements (SINEs)
d. satellite DNA - answer>>a. alternative splicing
Euchromatin consists of
a. decondensed, transcriptionally active chromatin
b. highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive chromatin
c. 10-nm chromatin fibers
d. DNA associated with nucleosomes - answer>>a. decondensed, transcriptionally active chromatin
, If a human gene is found to contain five introns, the mature mRNA encoded by that gene would have
how many exons?
a. five exons
b. four exons
c. six exons
d. there could be multiple mRNAs that contain between one and six introns - answer>>d. there could be
multiple mRNAs that contain between one and six introns
Even though the complete genome is significantly smaller than humans, the flowering plant Arabidopsis
thaliana has about ............... genes, about the same number as humans have.
a. 4,000
b. 100,000
c. 6,000
d. 26,000 - answer>>d. 26,000
The chromosomes of prokaryotes differ from those of eukaryotes in that prokaryotic chromosomes are
a. linear
b. circular
c. multiple
d. complexed with histones - answer>>b. circular
Heterochromatin consists of
a. decondensed, transcriptionally active chromatin
b. 10-nm chromatin fibers
c. highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive chromatin
d. DNA associated with nucleosomes - answer>>c. highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive
chromatin
Telomeres function to
