Bio 251 - Exam 2
(2026-2027 Edition)
Questions with 100% Correct
Answers and Rationales | Latest
Update | Grade A+
,the study of how the heredity material (DNA and RNA) is genetics
transferred.
all genetic material in a cell genome
what is the sub division of genome - chromosome
- plasmid
what is the sub division of chromosomes genes (coding region)
non-coding region
what composes the DNA back bone sugar
phosphate
which are the 4 nucleotides in DNA Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil (only in RNA)
what is the difference between bacterial and Eukaryota Most bacteria have only one circular chromosome, whereas eukaryotes tend to
chromosomes have multiple linear chromosomes
Why is DNA semi-conservative? When DNA divides, each copy receives one half of the original DNA and one half
new DNA.
enzyme(s) that uncoiled the DNA topoisomerase and gyrase, and begins at a region called the origin of replication
enzyme that unwinds and begins separating the DNA helicase
strands in both directions
enzyme that stabilize the single stranded DNA single strand binding proteins
what is required for the addition of nucleotides in DNA a free 3' hydroxyl group
replication?
enzyme that adds an RNA primer to the strand being primase
replicated
enzyme that makes sure the proper nucleotide is bound, DNA polymerase
and connects it to the growing DNA strand
DNA lagging strand - DNA is synthesized in pieces
- multiple RNA primers are added
- assembled together by the enzymes DNA -polymerase and ligase
, 3 main process of DNA replication - initiation
- elongation
- termination
Central Dogma DNA -> RNA -> Protein
The process by which DNA is used to encode proteins
what some of the characteristics of transcription/RNA - Only specific regions are copies
- RNA strands are produced, which do not bind with the DNA (exist as single
strands)
- No proofreading
what are the 5 steps in transcription Step 1: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter (a regulatory region directly
upstream of the gene) and initiates DNA unraveling
Step 2 : RNA polymerase facilitates the assembly of free ribonucleotides into
chains of RNA, using the DNA as a template
Step 3: The RNA polymerase continues along the gene adding to the RNA chain,
which does not permanently pair with the DNA, but exists as a single strand
Step 4: RNA synthesis continues until the RNA polymerase encounters a specific
region of DNA known as a terminator
Step 5: Once the terminator is reached, the RNA polymerase stalls and a rho
termination protein facilitates the RNA polymerase and RNA strand to
disassociate from the DNA
The DNA is re-wound and the RNA is free to go on to the next step
name for groups of 3 base pairs of the mRNA codons
how many codons are non-coding or stop codons? 3 are non-coding or stop codons
only 61 of the 64 encode amino acids
which molecule can bind both RNA and amino acids T-RNA
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are Anticodon
complementary to an mRNA codon
t-RNA is considered to be "charged" when an amino acid is bound to t-RNA
how many different t-RNA there are 64, one for each codon
the structures where protein synthesis (translation) Ribosomes
occurs
which are the 2 microbial ribosome subunits the 30S and 50S, which come together to form a functional 70S ribosome
what does the "S" in ribosomal subunits stands for Svedberg units, which measures the rate of sedimentation during centrifugation
(2026-2027 Edition)
Questions with 100% Correct
Answers and Rationales | Latest
Update | Grade A+
,the study of how the heredity material (DNA and RNA) is genetics
transferred.
all genetic material in a cell genome
what is the sub division of genome - chromosome
- plasmid
what is the sub division of chromosomes genes (coding region)
non-coding region
what composes the DNA back bone sugar
phosphate
which are the 4 nucleotides in DNA Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil (only in RNA)
what is the difference between bacterial and Eukaryota Most bacteria have only one circular chromosome, whereas eukaryotes tend to
chromosomes have multiple linear chromosomes
Why is DNA semi-conservative? When DNA divides, each copy receives one half of the original DNA and one half
new DNA.
enzyme(s) that uncoiled the DNA topoisomerase and gyrase, and begins at a region called the origin of replication
enzyme that unwinds and begins separating the DNA helicase
strands in both directions
enzyme that stabilize the single stranded DNA single strand binding proteins
what is required for the addition of nucleotides in DNA a free 3' hydroxyl group
replication?
enzyme that adds an RNA primer to the strand being primase
replicated
enzyme that makes sure the proper nucleotide is bound, DNA polymerase
and connects it to the growing DNA strand
DNA lagging strand - DNA is synthesized in pieces
- multiple RNA primers are added
- assembled together by the enzymes DNA -polymerase and ligase
, 3 main process of DNA replication - initiation
- elongation
- termination
Central Dogma DNA -> RNA -> Protein
The process by which DNA is used to encode proteins
what some of the characteristics of transcription/RNA - Only specific regions are copies
- RNA strands are produced, which do not bind with the DNA (exist as single
strands)
- No proofreading
what are the 5 steps in transcription Step 1: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter (a regulatory region directly
upstream of the gene) and initiates DNA unraveling
Step 2 : RNA polymerase facilitates the assembly of free ribonucleotides into
chains of RNA, using the DNA as a template
Step 3: The RNA polymerase continues along the gene adding to the RNA chain,
which does not permanently pair with the DNA, but exists as a single strand
Step 4: RNA synthesis continues until the RNA polymerase encounters a specific
region of DNA known as a terminator
Step 5: Once the terminator is reached, the RNA polymerase stalls and a rho
termination protein facilitates the RNA polymerase and RNA strand to
disassociate from the DNA
The DNA is re-wound and the RNA is free to go on to the next step
name for groups of 3 base pairs of the mRNA codons
how many codons are non-coding or stop codons? 3 are non-coding or stop codons
only 61 of the 64 encode amino acids
which molecule can bind both RNA and amino acids T-RNA
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are Anticodon
complementary to an mRNA codon
t-RNA is considered to be "charged" when an amino acid is bound to t-RNA
how many different t-RNA there are 64, one for each codon
the structures where protein synthesis (translation) Ribosomes
occurs
which are the 2 microbial ribosome subunits the 30S and 50S, which come together to form a functional 70S ribosome
what does the "S" in ribosomal subunits stands for Svedberg units, which measures the rate of sedimentation during centrifugation
