GCU Nur 631 Exam Questions with Correct
Answers
Nucleus
control center of the cell.
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for cell growth and
reproduction. regulates gene expression.
cytoplasm organelles
- Structures that perform a specific function and are essential for life.
plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the outer boundary of the cells.
funtion: controls entry/exit of substances, cell signaling, structural support.
cellular receptors
protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can
recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules called ligands; trigger cellular response.
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production, double
membranened organells.
Ribosomes
,site of protein synthesis, complexes of RNA translation to mRNA
Lysosomes
An organelle containing digestive enzymes, breakdown of waste, cellular debris, and
pathogens "garbage men"
lipid bilayer
flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between
the cell and its surroundings
function of proteins in cell
provide structural support, act as transport vehicles, function as enzymes that affect chemical
processes in the membran
gap junctions
provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells, allow direct communication and
transfer of ions, nutrients and signaling molecules.
Cell growth and proliferation
cell replication, old and damaged cells are replaced by new cells, regulated to keep balance
between birth and death of cells, turned on and off using genes
DNA replication
The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself during cell division ( DNA
helicase unwinds, DNA polymerase synthesizes new strand)
action potential
,the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the
membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
steps of action potential
resting state, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization
Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ , K+ K+ K+ goodbye (song)
Absolute refractory period
the period immediately following the firing of a nerve fiber when it cannot be stimulated no
matter how great a stimulus is applied
Conduction in action potential
Nerve and muscle cells conduct by opening voltage gated ion channels, creating a wave of
depolarization
cellular changes/ adaptations
Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia
atrophy
decrease in cell size
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
Hyperplasia
increase in cell number
Metaplasia
replacement of one cell type with another
, Dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs precursor to cancer
anaplasia
lack of differentiation, hallmark to malignancy
Impact of radiation on cells
Damage: DNA mutations, cell death, impaired replication.
High dose: immediate cell death; low dose: cumulative risk for cancer
Types of necrosis
coagulation, liquefaction, caseous, Fat
Coagulative necrosis
Most common perservation of tissue architecture, for example, infarct
Fat necrosis
Digestion of fat tissue, e.g., pancreas
Liquefactive necrosis
in brain, bacterial infections (abscesses), or wet gangrene , tissue becomes liquid.
Casseous Necrosis
Dead cells persist indefinitely as soft cheese like debris (TB)
Fluid movement across the cell
Hydrostatic pressure, osmosis diffusion, active transport
Hydrostatic pressure
Answers
Nucleus
control center of the cell.
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for cell growth and
reproduction. regulates gene expression.
cytoplasm organelles
- Structures that perform a specific function and are essential for life.
plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the outer boundary of the cells.
funtion: controls entry/exit of substances, cell signaling, structural support.
cellular receptors
protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can
recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules called ligands; trigger cellular response.
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production, double
membranened organells.
Ribosomes
,site of protein synthesis, complexes of RNA translation to mRNA
Lysosomes
An organelle containing digestive enzymes, breakdown of waste, cellular debris, and
pathogens "garbage men"
lipid bilayer
flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between
the cell and its surroundings
function of proteins in cell
provide structural support, act as transport vehicles, function as enzymes that affect chemical
processes in the membran
gap junctions
provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells, allow direct communication and
transfer of ions, nutrients and signaling molecules.
Cell growth and proliferation
cell replication, old and damaged cells are replaced by new cells, regulated to keep balance
between birth and death of cells, turned on and off using genes
DNA replication
The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself during cell division ( DNA
helicase unwinds, DNA polymerase synthesizes new strand)
action potential
,the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the
membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
steps of action potential
resting state, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization
Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ , K+ K+ K+ goodbye (song)
Absolute refractory period
the period immediately following the firing of a nerve fiber when it cannot be stimulated no
matter how great a stimulus is applied
Conduction in action potential
Nerve and muscle cells conduct by opening voltage gated ion channels, creating a wave of
depolarization
cellular changes/ adaptations
Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia
atrophy
decrease in cell size
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
Hyperplasia
increase in cell number
Metaplasia
replacement of one cell type with another
, Dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs precursor to cancer
anaplasia
lack of differentiation, hallmark to malignancy
Impact of radiation on cells
Damage: DNA mutations, cell death, impaired replication.
High dose: immediate cell death; low dose: cumulative risk for cancer
Types of necrosis
coagulation, liquefaction, caseous, Fat
Coagulative necrosis
Most common perservation of tissue architecture, for example, infarct
Fat necrosis
Digestion of fat tissue, e.g., pancreas
Liquefactive necrosis
in brain, bacterial infections (abscesses), or wet gangrene , tissue becomes liquid.
Casseous Necrosis
Dead cells persist indefinitely as soft cheese like debris (TB)
Fluid movement across the cell
Hydrostatic pressure, osmosis diffusion, active transport
Hydrostatic pressure
