PHARMACOLOGY II NUR 354 EXAM 3
LATEST 2026 ACTUAL SPRING-SUMMER
SEMESTER ARIZONA COLLEGE OF
NURSING |SCORE A
WBC differential
all blood parts + WBC parts (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils,
eosinophils)
Anemia
the decrease in the number of RBC's, quantity of hemoglobin, and/or volume of packed
cells- decrease in any of these leads to signs of hypoxia
blood loss, decreased production of RBCs, Increased destrution of RBCs
What are three prevalent causes of anemia?
Blood loss
>>Chronic hemorrhage - Bleeding duodenal ulcer, Colon cancer>>Acute trauma -cuts
decreased production of RBCs
deficient nutrients (iron, vitamin B12, folic acid), decreased erythropoietin (kidneys not
functioning, epogen medication), Increased destruction of RBCs (sickle cell anemia,
medication, incompatible blood, trauma)
acute anemia clinical manifestations
gets really bad at 40-50% volume loss mild - exertional dyspnea & palpations
Clincal manifestations of Chronic Anemia
moderate - fatigue, bounding pulse, roaring in ears; severe- pallor, systolic murmur,
headache, anorexia, vertigo
,iron deficiency anemia S&S
initally symptom free, pallor, glossitis, chelisitis, headache, paresthesias
iron deficiency anemia causes
most common, decreased RBC production, chronic blood loss, inadequate intake,
malabsorption, hemolysis
pernicious anemia S&S
insidious inset, anorexia, N/V, abdominal pain, weakness, paresthesias, Red flags for
Vitamin B12 deficiency: altered mental status, somnolence, depression
Red flags for Vitamin B12 deficiency:
altered mental status, somnolence, depression
pernicious anemia causes
megaloblastic anemia (large RBCs), lack of gastric intrinsic factors resulting in
decreased vitamin B12 absorption, familial tendency, high risk populations: >40 y/o,
Northern European (scandinavian) ancestry
aplastic anemia causes
bone marrow suppression, pancytopenia, congenital birth defects; Acquired: idiopathic,
chemicals, medications, infections
Aplastic anemia S&S
onset can be abrupt or gradual, mild to severe, pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, neutropenia,
thrombocytopenia, petechiae, epitaxis, ecchymosis
hemolytic anemia causes
sickle cell anemia, hemodialysis, prosthetic valves, transfusion reactions, autoimmune
hemolytic, malaria, clostridium perfringens
, hemolytic anemia S&S
jaundice, pallor, pale conjunctive, tachycardia, hypotension, splenomegaly
Hemolytic anemia S&S
jaundice, pallor, pale conjunctivae, tachycardia, hypotension, splenomegaly
Sickle cell anemia etiology
genetic, autosomal recessive
sickle cell "sickling" is caused by
low oxygen levels, increased blood acidity, or low blood volume
common sickle cell crisis triggers include
sudden change in temperature (narrowing blood vessels), strenuous activity or
excessive exercise (oxygen shortage)
upper respiratory tract
nose, pharynx, adenoids, tonsils, epiglottis, larynx, trachea
Nose
has a septum, divides 2 cavities, responsible for warming & moistening the air that goes
to your lungs, filters smaller particles that are in the air, connected with sinuses & ears
adenoids & tonsils
part of the lymph system, helpful in getting rid of infections that come in through the
nose
epiglottis
keeps fluid & food from going into lungs, blocks off trachea, if not working=aspiration
apiration
things getting into the lungs that should not be there
LATEST 2026 ACTUAL SPRING-SUMMER
SEMESTER ARIZONA COLLEGE OF
NURSING |SCORE A
WBC differential
all blood parts + WBC parts (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils,
eosinophils)
Anemia
the decrease in the number of RBC's, quantity of hemoglobin, and/or volume of packed
cells- decrease in any of these leads to signs of hypoxia
blood loss, decreased production of RBCs, Increased destrution of RBCs
What are three prevalent causes of anemia?
Blood loss
>>Chronic hemorrhage - Bleeding duodenal ulcer, Colon cancer>>Acute trauma -cuts
decreased production of RBCs
deficient nutrients (iron, vitamin B12, folic acid), decreased erythropoietin (kidneys not
functioning, epogen medication), Increased destruction of RBCs (sickle cell anemia,
medication, incompatible blood, trauma)
acute anemia clinical manifestations
gets really bad at 40-50% volume loss mild - exertional dyspnea & palpations
Clincal manifestations of Chronic Anemia
moderate - fatigue, bounding pulse, roaring in ears; severe- pallor, systolic murmur,
headache, anorexia, vertigo
,iron deficiency anemia S&S
initally symptom free, pallor, glossitis, chelisitis, headache, paresthesias
iron deficiency anemia causes
most common, decreased RBC production, chronic blood loss, inadequate intake,
malabsorption, hemolysis
pernicious anemia S&S
insidious inset, anorexia, N/V, abdominal pain, weakness, paresthesias, Red flags for
Vitamin B12 deficiency: altered mental status, somnolence, depression
Red flags for Vitamin B12 deficiency:
altered mental status, somnolence, depression
pernicious anemia causes
megaloblastic anemia (large RBCs), lack of gastric intrinsic factors resulting in
decreased vitamin B12 absorption, familial tendency, high risk populations: >40 y/o,
Northern European (scandinavian) ancestry
aplastic anemia causes
bone marrow suppression, pancytopenia, congenital birth defects; Acquired: idiopathic,
chemicals, medications, infections
Aplastic anemia S&S
onset can be abrupt or gradual, mild to severe, pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, neutropenia,
thrombocytopenia, petechiae, epitaxis, ecchymosis
hemolytic anemia causes
sickle cell anemia, hemodialysis, prosthetic valves, transfusion reactions, autoimmune
hemolytic, malaria, clostridium perfringens
, hemolytic anemia S&S
jaundice, pallor, pale conjunctive, tachycardia, hypotension, splenomegaly
Hemolytic anemia S&S
jaundice, pallor, pale conjunctivae, tachycardia, hypotension, splenomegaly
Sickle cell anemia etiology
genetic, autosomal recessive
sickle cell "sickling" is caused by
low oxygen levels, increased blood acidity, or low blood volume
common sickle cell crisis triggers include
sudden change in temperature (narrowing blood vessels), strenuous activity or
excessive exercise (oxygen shortage)
upper respiratory tract
nose, pharynx, adenoids, tonsils, epiglottis, larynx, trachea
Nose
has a septum, divides 2 cavities, responsible for warming & moistening the air that goes
to your lungs, filters smaller particles that are in the air, connected with sinuses & ears
adenoids & tonsils
part of the lymph system, helpful in getting rid of infections that come in through the
nose
epiglottis
keeps fluid & food from going into lungs, blocks off trachea, if not working=aspiration
apiration
things getting into the lungs that should not be there
