, TESTBANK FOR Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses Appraisal and
Application of Research Sixth Edition Schmidt
Important Notes
The file includes the complete test bank, organized chapter by chapter.
A sample of selected pages has been provided for preview.
All available appendices and Excel files (if included in the original resources) are
provided.
Quizzes, Midterm and final exams are included (if available in the original resources).
We continuously update our files to ensure you receive the latest and most accurate
editions.
New editions are added regularly – stay connected for updates!
⚠️Note on Answer Keys: If the answer key is not included within the chapter
questions, you will find the complete answers and solutions at the end of each
chapter.
✅ Why Buy From Us?
📚 Complete & organized chapter-by-chapter – no missing content, no guessing.
⚡ Instant digital delivery – get your file the moment you pay, no waiting.
📅 Always up to date – we track new editions so you always get the latest version.
💬 Friendly support – real humans ready to help, anytime you need us.
🔒 Safe & secure – thousands of satisfied students trust us every semester.
🛡️Our Guarantees
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🔄 Wrong File? No Problem: Contact us and we will replace it immediately with the
correct version, free of charge.
⏰ 24/7 Support: We are always here – reach out anytime and expect a fast response.
, Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses 6E – Test Bank
Schmidt_Ch01-Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses 6E
1. A new nurse asks a colleague why a patient dangles the legs over the side of the bed before
assisting the patient to stand. Which type of evidence is being used when the response is,
“It's the way we always do it?”
a. Trial and error
b. Intuition
c. Personal experience
✓ d. Tradition
2. For which reason is trial and error used infrequently when delivering nursing care?
✓ a. Trial and error is not based on systematic scientific approaches.
b. The American Nurses Association does not consider trial and error a sanctioned method.
c. Trial and error wastes time and is not cost-effective.
d. Nursing care should be based on critical thinking, which is not utilized with trial and error.
3. Which components are included in the definition of evidence-based practice?
a. Cost, return on investment, ethical practice
b. Critical thinking, clinical judgment, ease of implementation
✓ c. Research-based information, clinical expertise, patient preference
d. Staff acceptance, coordination with medical practice, reduction of barriers
4. For which reason was research utilization replaced with evidence-based practice?
a. Research studies cannot be validated.
b. Evidence-based practice is based on medical science.
c. The research utilization process is too patient focused.
✓ d. Nursing questions cannot be answered by a single study.
5. What is the first step in the developed models of evidence-based practice?
✓ a. Ask a question.
b. Plan a change.
c. Appraise evidence.
d. Search the literature.
6. The nurse is preparing information for a patient about herbal supplements that promote
sleep. Which evidence source will the nurse use to gather this information for the patient?
a. Intuition
b. Trial and error
c. Personal experience
✓ d. Information based on theory
,7. A nurse does not want to consider altering the turning frequency for critically ill patients.
This is an example of which type of personal resistance in using evidence-based practice?
a. Cost to implement
✓ b. Resistance to change
c. Culture of the work environment
d. Difficulty understanding technical writing
8. Which action will the nurse take to increase knowledge about evidence-based practice and
research?
a. Listen to concerns about change.
b. Write a proposal to identify funds.
✓ c. Consult with advanced practice nurses.
d. Use social media to share research findings.
9. A hospital is considering implementing predictive artificial intelligence (AI) to track a
patient's health data and identify the patient's risks. Which action will the nurse take before
adopting this innovation?
a. Study the average amount of time needed to implement the technology.
b. Identify others who have accepted the change.
✓ c. Seek information about advantages and disadvantages.
d. Learn how the innovation is communicated through channels.
10. Which type of evidence is categorized as Level II evidence?
a. Meta-analysis
b. Systematic reviews
c. Clinical practice guidelines
✓ d. Randomized controlled trials
11. Which level of evidence uses scholarly papers about nonexperimental studies to answer
clinical questions?
a. Level II
b. Level III
c. Level IV
✓ d. Level V
12. Briefly discuss the characteristics of Level I evidence.
✎ Level I evidence is the highest quality of evidence and includes information about more than one study.
This information includes summaries, synopses, meta-analyses, systematic reviews of randomized
controlled trials, and clinical practice guidelines. Summaries are best practice recommendations based on
an appraisal of information about a particular practice question. A synopsis is a brief description of
evidence that provides an overview of key points of evidence from multiple sources. A meta-analysis is a
research method that estimates the effect of an intervention by using statistical methods to analyze data
from both published and unpublished single studies. A systematic review is a rigorous and systematic
synthesis of research findings from experimental and quasi-experimental studies about a clinical problem.
Clinical practice guidelines are statements that include recommendations intended to optimize patient care
that are informed by a systematic review of evidence and an assessment of the benefits and harms of
, alternative care options. Fields: Ahead: The Hierarchy of Evidence Complexity: Difficult Subject: Chapter 1
Taxonomy: Analysis Title: What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
13. Explain descriptive survey designs.
✎ Descriptive survey designs are nonexperimental studies that involve asking questions of a sample of
individuals who are representative of a group. This design may have a variety of purposes, such as
describing, comparing, or correlating characteristics. This is the most commonly used design for
descriptive research. Data, collected through questionnaires or personal interviews, are typically about
attitudes, perceptions, or attributes of individuals. An advantage of descriptive survey designs is that a
large number of respondents can be reached in a cost-effective, efficient manner. While the findings are
considered lower quality, they can serve as a foundation for future higher-level research. Fields: Ahead:
The Hierarchy of Evidence Complexity: Difficult Subject: Chapter 1 Taxonomy: Analysis Title: What Is
Evidence-Based Practice?
14. Explain the role of evidence-based practice projects in Level VI evidence.
✎ An EPB project is an endeavor to change practice, based on best evidence, in a clinical setting. At first
glance, an article about an EBP project will seem like a research article because there are similar
components. Both begin with a question and include a review of the literature. The processes for
implementing a research study and an EBP project can also appear similar. Both reports will contain
statistics; however, the EBP project statistics will be less complicated compared to research statistics.
Unlike research studies, there is no requirement to be approved by an ethics board because the risk to
patients is comparable to receiving usual care. Additionally, during implementation of an EBP project, there
is less control over factors compared to conducting research. This lack of control over factors is why EBP
projects are considered lower-level evidence. Despite being in Level VI, evidence from EBP projects can
provide helpful examples for nurses who want to change practice to improve patient outcomes in their own
healthcare settings. Fields: Ahead: The Hierarchy of Evidence Complexity: Difficult Subject: Chapter 1
Taxonomy: Analysis Title: What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
Schmidt_Ch02-Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses 6E
1. Which step of the research process is completed after a study is implemented and the data
are analyzed?
✓ a. Draw conclusions.
b. Complete a literature review.
c. Identify the research question.
d. Identify a theoretical framework.
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of a qualitative research study?
a. Manipulation of situations
b. Engagement in deductive reasoning
✓ c. Analysis of words to identify themes
d. Identification of a reality to objectively view
3. Which action occurred at the Willowbrook State School that was identified as being
unethical scientific research?
a. Withheld medication to treat an infection
b. Claimed procedures were free special medical care
, c. Explained that informed consent was not required for care
✓ d. Coerced parents to permit children to participate in a study
4. Which agency in 1973 was the first to propose regulations to protect human subjects in
medical research studies?
a. American Medical Association
✓ b. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
c. U.S. Food and Drug Administration
d. Association of American Universities
5. In 2015, the Department of Defense and the University of Pittsburgh conducted an
emergency research study on trauma victims to determine if plasma will help with blood
clotting in bleeding patients. Although bracelets were available for residents to wear 24/7 to
alert medical personnel they did not want to participate in the study, budget constraints made
it challenging to widely alert the community. Which of the following hallmark requirements for
conducting ethical research was challenging in this study?
a. Select participants.
✓ b. Obtain informed consent.
c. Complete a risk-benefit analysis.
d. Offer incentives for participation.
6. When designing a research study, upon which ethical conviction is the respect for persons
based?
a. Veracity
✓ b. Autonomy
c. Beneficence
d. Nonmaleficence
7. Which experience is essential when functioning as a member of an institutional review
board (IRB)?
a. Providing direct patient care
b. Reading expedited review studies
✓ c. Working with people of vulnerable populations
d. Selecting research imperative over therapeutic imperative
8. Which area of concern is a focus when completing a risk-benefit analysis as a member of an
institutional review board (IRB)?
a. Who will have access to the data?
✓ b. Are participants receiving less than the standard of care?
c. Does the research require using the proposed population?
d. Should documentation of consent be waived to protect confidentiality?
9. Which of the following statements is true regarding replication studies?
a. Results of a study cannot be considered “supportive” unless more than one study has been conducted.
✓ b. Errors can exist in every research study; therefore, the more studies that have been conducted, the
more likely the results can be used with confidence.
, c. More than one study is necessary for the results to be applied to patient care.
d. Subjects must be chosen in the original study and randomly assigned in subsequent studies for the
evidence to be reliable.
10. A community hospital is striving to reach Magnet Recognition. Which action would most
likely help the hospital to achieve this goal?
a. Replace all associate-degree nurses with bachelor-degree nurses.
b. Require at least half of the nurses to be published within 1 year.
✓ c. Hire advanced practice nurses who have a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree.
d. Hire nurses who have advanced technology skills.
11. Which of the following obligations does the nurse have when conducting research?
✓ a. Protect the rights of participants.
b. Meet with the institutional review board.
c. Identify patients to participate in the study.
d. Adhere to the steps of the research process.
12. Briefly discuss three of the five unethical studies discussed in the chapter and explain
how these studies changed the rights of human subjects.
✎ The Nazi experiments were conducted during World War II; prisoners were exposed to mustard gas,
seawater, and extreme cold temperatures to determine the limits of human endurance. Seven physicians
were sentenced to death for their role in these experiments, and others were imprisoned. The Nuremberg
Code came about from the verdict and specified what constituted acceptable medical research and ethical
conduct. The Tuskegee study involved syphilis; the subjects were denied treatment so the effects of the
disease could be studied. The Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital study involved injecting cancer cells into
subjects without their consent. Because of these unethical studies conducted on human subjects who were
not fully informed of the purpose and/or methods of the study, today, studies must be reviewed to ensure
that human subjects are protected. The Willowbrook studies were conducted in the 1960s at the
Willowbrook State School, one of the few institutions to care for children with mental disabilities at the time.
Children were deliberately infected with infectious hepatitis so the natural progression of the disease could
be observed. Administrators claimed the hospital was overcrowded and would only accept children who
participated in the hepatitis program. Many parents had nowhere else to turn and were forced to allow their
children to participate in the study. In 2008, Dr. Das was investigated and later found guilty of scientific
misconduct. He lied and produced false data for dozens of papers and grant applications that claimed to
support the beneficial effects of red wine and other foods on cardiac health. These violations breed public
distrust of research findings and of future research studies. Fields: Ahead: Keeping It Ethical Complexity:
Difficult Subject: Chapter 2 Taxonomy: Analysis Title: What Is Nursing Research?
13. Justify, in your own words, how evidence-based practice (EBP) reaffirms the importance
of science in nursing.
✎ Nursing is the artful use of science to promote the health and well-being of individuals, families, and
communities. Thus, nursing is based on scientific evidence that provides the framework for practice. The
art of nursing is the blending of science with caring to create a therapeutic relationship in which holistic
care is delivered. The profession of nursing is shifting the emphasis to EBP, which is why science is so
important in nursing. Fields: Ahead: How Has Nursing Evolved as a Science? Complexity: Difficult Subject:
Chapter 1 Taxonomy: Analysis Title: What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
14. Briefly discuss how different types of research can be classified.
, ✎ Categories of research include descriptive, explanatory, or predictive; basic or applied; and quantitative
or qualitative. Descriptive research is concerned with providing accurate descriptions of phenomena. The
goal of the explanatory research is to answer the question, “What is the relationship among the variables?”
Explanatory research aims to identify the relationships a phenomenon has with individuals, groups,
situations, or events. Predictive research is designed to answer the question, “Is there a difference
between the groups?” The aim of predictive research is to forecast precise relationships between
dimensions of phenomena or differences between groups. This type of research is often used to study new
interventions and treatments. Basic research, or bench research, gains knowledge for the sake of gaining
knowledge. Applied research is used to find knowledge that can solve a clinical problem. Qualitative
research focuses on the words used to describe human behaviors and the meanings individuals give to
their experiences. Quantitative research views the world as objective and focuses on obtaining precise
measurements that are later analyzed. Fields: Ahead: Research: What Is It? Complexity: Difficult Subject:
Chapter 2 Taxonomy: Analysis Title: What Is Nursing Research?
Schmidt_Ch03-Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses 6E
1. The leadership staff is planning a conference to promote a culture for evidence-based
practice (EBP) at the organizational level. Which activity should be included in the
conference?
a. Teach the staff to question current practices more often.
✓ b. Ask for volunteers to join an EBP steering committee.
c. Ask a local librarian from a nursing program to be present.
d. Provide information about asking the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) for funds to conduct
research for EBP.
2. Which action will a nurse manager take to promote evidence-based practice (EBP) on the
care area?
✓ a. Examine policies to ensure they are evidence based.
b. Expect all staff to practice according to standards.
c. Validate the credentials of those who are conducting studies.
d. Ask the institutional review board to approve all evidence.
3. The staff development trainer is planning a seminar about the use of the translational
research model to move evidence into patient care. Which of the following examples should
the trainer include in the conference?
✓ a. A standard question about spousal abuse was added to the health history interview on the admission
form.
b. The facility is now offering tuition reimbursement for continuing education.
c. New staff are informed about how policies are developed during the orientation process.
d. Staff nurses, nurse managers, and APNs are encouraged to help develop policies and procedures.
4. Which characteristic is true of all five levels of collaboration?
a. They are funded by grants and donations.
✓ b. They contribute to a culture of evidence-based practice (EBP).
c. They involve practice changes that can be implemented by a nurse.
, d. They provide specific strategies that can be used to improve patient care.
5. Marcos, a pediatric nurse, notices an increase in teen patients with eating disorders. He
decides to implement an evidence-based project to determine the most effective way to
educate teens on healthy eating habits. The hospital supports this, and when his project is
complete, he partners with local schools and teen organizations to share the results. What is
this an example of?
✓ a. The EBP performance criteria for nurses
b. The model of collaboration to support EBP
c. The translational research model
d. The levels of collaboration and ethics
6. Which of the following individuals would be consulted to advance the implementation of
evidence-based practice (EBP) on the regional level?
✓ a. Librarian
b. Elected official
c. Business owner
d. Healthcare provider
7. Which organization's website will the nurse access to learn the activities conducted to
support evidence-based practice (EBP) at the international level?
✓ a. Sigma Theta Tau
b. National Nursing Practice Network
c. National Institute of Nursing Research
d. American Nurses Credentialing Center
8. Which action will the nurse manager take to facilitate the use of evidence-based practice
(EBP) among nursing staff?
a. Facilitate the location of evidence.
b. Participate as a member of an EBP project team.
✓ c. Use performance criteria about EBP to evaluate staff.
d. Modify the mission and vision to include EBP language.
9. Which statement is an example of embracing a culture of EBP at the organizational level?
✓ a. Adding value statements about EBP to an organization's mission statement
b. Mentoring a new nurse to implement EBP at the appropriate patient care level
c. Joining a quality outcome committee to collaborate with other nursing professionals
d. Consulting the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to locate EBP resources
10. Which of the following statements explains the relationship between evidence-based
practice and ethical care?
a. The organization has the responsibility to translate evidence into nursing practice.
b. International organizations lead the way for all to implement evidence-based practice.
✓ c. The mission, vision, and culture need to foster life-long learning to ensure the best quality of care.
d. National organizations defer to local efforts when determining the best way to use evidence in practice.
, Schmidt_Ch04-Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses 6E
1. “Completion of an EBP mentorship program by nurses is associated with changes in
nursing practice” is an example of which type of hypothesis?
a. Complex
b. Statistical
c. Directional
✓ d. Nondirectional
2. In the process of narrowing a research question, which step most closely follows
identification of the research problem?
a. Identification of variables
✓ b. Review of the relevant literature
c. Identification of a gap in clinical practice
d. Formulation of a hypothesis
3. What is the dependent variable in the hypothesis, “Patients who are actively engaged in
development of their treatment plans will be more likely to adhere to prescribed treatments?”
a. Patient engagement in treatment plan development
✓ b. Patient adherence to prescribed treatments
c. Development of treatment plans
d. Effectiveness of prescribed treatments
4. Which type of variable confuses the effect of the independent variable on the dependent
variable so that the research results do not reflect the true relationship between the variables?
✓ a. Extraneous variable
b. Random variable
c. Within-group variable
d. Control variable
5. A hypothesis states that patient participation in an optional fitness program will change
when the types of incentives offered for completion of the program change. Which type of
relationship is the hypothesis identifying between the variables?
✓ a. Associative
b. Causal
c. Indirect
d. Predictive
6. A nurse is using the PICOT model to generate an EBP question about how virtual health
education, as compared to face-to-face health education, affects information retention and
recall in patients ages 5 to 8 years. Which component of PICOT does information retention
and recall represent?
a. Patient condition of interest
b. Intervention of interest
Application of Research Sixth Edition Schmidt
Important Notes
The file includes the complete test bank, organized chapter by chapter.
A sample of selected pages has been provided for preview.
All available appendices and Excel files (if included in the original resources) are
provided.
Quizzes, Midterm and final exams are included (if available in the original resources).
We continuously update our files to ensure you receive the latest and most accurate
editions.
New editions are added regularly – stay connected for updates!
⚠️Note on Answer Keys: If the answer key is not included within the chapter
questions, you will find the complete answers and solutions at the end of each
chapter.
✅ Why Buy From Us?
📚 Complete & organized chapter-by-chapter – no missing content, no guessing.
⚡ Instant digital delivery – get your file the moment you pay, no waiting.
📅 Always up to date – we track new editions so you always get the latest version.
💬 Friendly support – real humans ready to help, anytime you need us.
🔒 Safe & secure – thousands of satisfied students trust us every semester.
🛡️Our Guarantees
💰 Money-Back Guarantee: Not satisfied? We offer a full refund – no questions asked.
🔄 Wrong File? No Problem: Contact us and we will replace it immediately with the
correct version, free of charge.
⏰ 24/7 Support: We are always here – reach out anytime and expect a fast response.
, Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses 6E – Test Bank
Schmidt_Ch01-Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses 6E
1. A new nurse asks a colleague why a patient dangles the legs over the side of the bed before
assisting the patient to stand. Which type of evidence is being used when the response is,
“It's the way we always do it?”
a. Trial and error
b. Intuition
c. Personal experience
✓ d. Tradition
2. For which reason is trial and error used infrequently when delivering nursing care?
✓ a. Trial and error is not based on systematic scientific approaches.
b. The American Nurses Association does not consider trial and error a sanctioned method.
c. Trial and error wastes time and is not cost-effective.
d. Nursing care should be based on critical thinking, which is not utilized with trial and error.
3. Which components are included in the definition of evidence-based practice?
a. Cost, return on investment, ethical practice
b. Critical thinking, clinical judgment, ease of implementation
✓ c. Research-based information, clinical expertise, patient preference
d. Staff acceptance, coordination with medical practice, reduction of barriers
4. For which reason was research utilization replaced with evidence-based practice?
a. Research studies cannot be validated.
b. Evidence-based practice is based on medical science.
c. The research utilization process is too patient focused.
✓ d. Nursing questions cannot be answered by a single study.
5. What is the first step in the developed models of evidence-based practice?
✓ a. Ask a question.
b. Plan a change.
c. Appraise evidence.
d. Search the literature.
6. The nurse is preparing information for a patient about herbal supplements that promote
sleep. Which evidence source will the nurse use to gather this information for the patient?
a. Intuition
b. Trial and error
c. Personal experience
✓ d. Information based on theory
,7. A nurse does not want to consider altering the turning frequency for critically ill patients.
This is an example of which type of personal resistance in using evidence-based practice?
a. Cost to implement
✓ b. Resistance to change
c. Culture of the work environment
d. Difficulty understanding technical writing
8. Which action will the nurse take to increase knowledge about evidence-based practice and
research?
a. Listen to concerns about change.
b. Write a proposal to identify funds.
✓ c. Consult with advanced practice nurses.
d. Use social media to share research findings.
9. A hospital is considering implementing predictive artificial intelligence (AI) to track a
patient's health data and identify the patient's risks. Which action will the nurse take before
adopting this innovation?
a. Study the average amount of time needed to implement the technology.
b. Identify others who have accepted the change.
✓ c. Seek information about advantages and disadvantages.
d. Learn how the innovation is communicated through channels.
10. Which type of evidence is categorized as Level II evidence?
a. Meta-analysis
b. Systematic reviews
c. Clinical practice guidelines
✓ d. Randomized controlled trials
11. Which level of evidence uses scholarly papers about nonexperimental studies to answer
clinical questions?
a. Level II
b. Level III
c. Level IV
✓ d. Level V
12. Briefly discuss the characteristics of Level I evidence.
✎ Level I evidence is the highest quality of evidence and includes information about more than one study.
This information includes summaries, synopses, meta-analyses, systematic reviews of randomized
controlled trials, and clinical practice guidelines. Summaries are best practice recommendations based on
an appraisal of information about a particular practice question. A synopsis is a brief description of
evidence that provides an overview of key points of evidence from multiple sources. A meta-analysis is a
research method that estimates the effect of an intervention by using statistical methods to analyze data
from both published and unpublished single studies. A systematic review is a rigorous and systematic
synthesis of research findings from experimental and quasi-experimental studies about a clinical problem.
Clinical practice guidelines are statements that include recommendations intended to optimize patient care
that are informed by a systematic review of evidence and an assessment of the benefits and harms of
, alternative care options. Fields: Ahead: The Hierarchy of Evidence Complexity: Difficult Subject: Chapter 1
Taxonomy: Analysis Title: What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
13. Explain descriptive survey designs.
✎ Descriptive survey designs are nonexperimental studies that involve asking questions of a sample of
individuals who are representative of a group. This design may have a variety of purposes, such as
describing, comparing, or correlating characteristics. This is the most commonly used design for
descriptive research. Data, collected through questionnaires or personal interviews, are typically about
attitudes, perceptions, or attributes of individuals. An advantage of descriptive survey designs is that a
large number of respondents can be reached in a cost-effective, efficient manner. While the findings are
considered lower quality, they can serve as a foundation for future higher-level research. Fields: Ahead:
The Hierarchy of Evidence Complexity: Difficult Subject: Chapter 1 Taxonomy: Analysis Title: What Is
Evidence-Based Practice?
14. Explain the role of evidence-based practice projects in Level VI evidence.
✎ An EPB project is an endeavor to change practice, based on best evidence, in a clinical setting. At first
glance, an article about an EBP project will seem like a research article because there are similar
components. Both begin with a question and include a review of the literature. The processes for
implementing a research study and an EBP project can also appear similar. Both reports will contain
statistics; however, the EBP project statistics will be less complicated compared to research statistics.
Unlike research studies, there is no requirement to be approved by an ethics board because the risk to
patients is comparable to receiving usual care. Additionally, during implementation of an EBP project, there
is less control over factors compared to conducting research. This lack of control over factors is why EBP
projects are considered lower-level evidence. Despite being in Level VI, evidence from EBP projects can
provide helpful examples for nurses who want to change practice to improve patient outcomes in their own
healthcare settings. Fields: Ahead: The Hierarchy of Evidence Complexity: Difficult Subject: Chapter 1
Taxonomy: Analysis Title: What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
Schmidt_Ch02-Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses 6E
1. Which step of the research process is completed after a study is implemented and the data
are analyzed?
✓ a. Draw conclusions.
b. Complete a literature review.
c. Identify the research question.
d. Identify a theoretical framework.
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of a qualitative research study?
a. Manipulation of situations
b. Engagement in deductive reasoning
✓ c. Analysis of words to identify themes
d. Identification of a reality to objectively view
3. Which action occurred at the Willowbrook State School that was identified as being
unethical scientific research?
a. Withheld medication to treat an infection
b. Claimed procedures were free special medical care
, c. Explained that informed consent was not required for care
✓ d. Coerced parents to permit children to participate in a study
4. Which agency in 1973 was the first to propose regulations to protect human subjects in
medical research studies?
a. American Medical Association
✓ b. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
c. U.S. Food and Drug Administration
d. Association of American Universities
5. In 2015, the Department of Defense and the University of Pittsburgh conducted an
emergency research study on trauma victims to determine if plasma will help with blood
clotting in bleeding patients. Although bracelets were available for residents to wear 24/7 to
alert medical personnel they did not want to participate in the study, budget constraints made
it challenging to widely alert the community. Which of the following hallmark requirements for
conducting ethical research was challenging in this study?
a. Select participants.
✓ b. Obtain informed consent.
c. Complete a risk-benefit analysis.
d. Offer incentives for participation.
6. When designing a research study, upon which ethical conviction is the respect for persons
based?
a. Veracity
✓ b. Autonomy
c. Beneficence
d. Nonmaleficence
7. Which experience is essential when functioning as a member of an institutional review
board (IRB)?
a. Providing direct patient care
b. Reading expedited review studies
✓ c. Working with people of vulnerable populations
d. Selecting research imperative over therapeutic imperative
8. Which area of concern is a focus when completing a risk-benefit analysis as a member of an
institutional review board (IRB)?
a. Who will have access to the data?
✓ b. Are participants receiving less than the standard of care?
c. Does the research require using the proposed population?
d. Should documentation of consent be waived to protect confidentiality?
9. Which of the following statements is true regarding replication studies?
a. Results of a study cannot be considered “supportive” unless more than one study has been conducted.
✓ b. Errors can exist in every research study; therefore, the more studies that have been conducted, the
more likely the results can be used with confidence.
, c. More than one study is necessary for the results to be applied to patient care.
d. Subjects must be chosen in the original study and randomly assigned in subsequent studies for the
evidence to be reliable.
10. A community hospital is striving to reach Magnet Recognition. Which action would most
likely help the hospital to achieve this goal?
a. Replace all associate-degree nurses with bachelor-degree nurses.
b. Require at least half of the nurses to be published within 1 year.
✓ c. Hire advanced practice nurses who have a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree.
d. Hire nurses who have advanced technology skills.
11. Which of the following obligations does the nurse have when conducting research?
✓ a. Protect the rights of participants.
b. Meet with the institutional review board.
c. Identify patients to participate in the study.
d. Adhere to the steps of the research process.
12. Briefly discuss three of the five unethical studies discussed in the chapter and explain
how these studies changed the rights of human subjects.
✎ The Nazi experiments were conducted during World War II; prisoners were exposed to mustard gas,
seawater, and extreme cold temperatures to determine the limits of human endurance. Seven physicians
were sentenced to death for their role in these experiments, and others were imprisoned. The Nuremberg
Code came about from the verdict and specified what constituted acceptable medical research and ethical
conduct. The Tuskegee study involved syphilis; the subjects were denied treatment so the effects of the
disease could be studied. The Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital study involved injecting cancer cells into
subjects without their consent. Because of these unethical studies conducted on human subjects who were
not fully informed of the purpose and/or methods of the study, today, studies must be reviewed to ensure
that human subjects are protected. The Willowbrook studies were conducted in the 1960s at the
Willowbrook State School, one of the few institutions to care for children with mental disabilities at the time.
Children were deliberately infected with infectious hepatitis so the natural progression of the disease could
be observed. Administrators claimed the hospital was overcrowded and would only accept children who
participated in the hepatitis program. Many parents had nowhere else to turn and were forced to allow their
children to participate in the study. In 2008, Dr. Das was investigated and later found guilty of scientific
misconduct. He lied and produced false data for dozens of papers and grant applications that claimed to
support the beneficial effects of red wine and other foods on cardiac health. These violations breed public
distrust of research findings and of future research studies. Fields: Ahead: Keeping It Ethical Complexity:
Difficult Subject: Chapter 2 Taxonomy: Analysis Title: What Is Nursing Research?
13. Justify, in your own words, how evidence-based practice (EBP) reaffirms the importance
of science in nursing.
✎ Nursing is the artful use of science to promote the health and well-being of individuals, families, and
communities. Thus, nursing is based on scientific evidence that provides the framework for practice. The
art of nursing is the blending of science with caring to create a therapeutic relationship in which holistic
care is delivered. The profession of nursing is shifting the emphasis to EBP, which is why science is so
important in nursing. Fields: Ahead: How Has Nursing Evolved as a Science? Complexity: Difficult Subject:
Chapter 1 Taxonomy: Analysis Title: What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
14. Briefly discuss how different types of research can be classified.
, ✎ Categories of research include descriptive, explanatory, or predictive; basic or applied; and quantitative
or qualitative. Descriptive research is concerned with providing accurate descriptions of phenomena. The
goal of the explanatory research is to answer the question, “What is the relationship among the variables?”
Explanatory research aims to identify the relationships a phenomenon has with individuals, groups,
situations, or events. Predictive research is designed to answer the question, “Is there a difference
between the groups?” The aim of predictive research is to forecast precise relationships between
dimensions of phenomena or differences between groups. This type of research is often used to study new
interventions and treatments. Basic research, or bench research, gains knowledge for the sake of gaining
knowledge. Applied research is used to find knowledge that can solve a clinical problem. Qualitative
research focuses on the words used to describe human behaviors and the meanings individuals give to
their experiences. Quantitative research views the world as objective and focuses on obtaining precise
measurements that are later analyzed. Fields: Ahead: Research: What Is It? Complexity: Difficult Subject:
Chapter 2 Taxonomy: Analysis Title: What Is Nursing Research?
Schmidt_Ch03-Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses 6E
1. The leadership staff is planning a conference to promote a culture for evidence-based
practice (EBP) at the organizational level. Which activity should be included in the
conference?
a. Teach the staff to question current practices more often.
✓ b. Ask for volunteers to join an EBP steering committee.
c. Ask a local librarian from a nursing program to be present.
d. Provide information about asking the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) for funds to conduct
research for EBP.
2. Which action will a nurse manager take to promote evidence-based practice (EBP) on the
care area?
✓ a. Examine policies to ensure they are evidence based.
b. Expect all staff to practice according to standards.
c. Validate the credentials of those who are conducting studies.
d. Ask the institutional review board to approve all evidence.
3. The staff development trainer is planning a seminar about the use of the translational
research model to move evidence into patient care. Which of the following examples should
the trainer include in the conference?
✓ a. A standard question about spousal abuse was added to the health history interview on the admission
form.
b. The facility is now offering tuition reimbursement for continuing education.
c. New staff are informed about how policies are developed during the orientation process.
d. Staff nurses, nurse managers, and APNs are encouraged to help develop policies and procedures.
4. Which characteristic is true of all five levels of collaboration?
a. They are funded by grants and donations.
✓ b. They contribute to a culture of evidence-based practice (EBP).
c. They involve practice changes that can be implemented by a nurse.
, d. They provide specific strategies that can be used to improve patient care.
5. Marcos, a pediatric nurse, notices an increase in teen patients with eating disorders. He
decides to implement an evidence-based project to determine the most effective way to
educate teens on healthy eating habits. The hospital supports this, and when his project is
complete, he partners with local schools and teen organizations to share the results. What is
this an example of?
✓ a. The EBP performance criteria for nurses
b. The model of collaboration to support EBP
c. The translational research model
d. The levels of collaboration and ethics
6. Which of the following individuals would be consulted to advance the implementation of
evidence-based practice (EBP) on the regional level?
✓ a. Librarian
b. Elected official
c. Business owner
d. Healthcare provider
7. Which organization's website will the nurse access to learn the activities conducted to
support evidence-based practice (EBP) at the international level?
✓ a. Sigma Theta Tau
b. National Nursing Practice Network
c. National Institute of Nursing Research
d. American Nurses Credentialing Center
8. Which action will the nurse manager take to facilitate the use of evidence-based practice
(EBP) among nursing staff?
a. Facilitate the location of evidence.
b. Participate as a member of an EBP project team.
✓ c. Use performance criteria about EBP to evaluate staff.
d. Modify the mission and vision to include EBP language.
9. Which statement is an example of embracing a culture of EBP at the organizational level?
✓ a. Adding value statements about EBP to an organization's mission statement
b. Mentoring a new nurse to implement EBP at the appropriate patient care level
c. Joining a quality outcome committee to collaborate with other nursing professionals
d. Consulting the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to locate EBP resources
10. Which of the following statements explains the relationship between evidence-based
practice and ethical care?
a. The organization has the responsibility to translate evidence into nursing practice.
b. International organizations lead the way for all to implement evidence-based practice.
✓ c. The mission, vision, and culture need to foster life-long learning to ensure the best quality of care.
d. National organizations defer to local efforts when determining the best way to use evidence in practice.
, Schmidt_Ch04-Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses 6E
1. “Completion of an EBP mentorship program by nurses is associated with changes in
nursing practice” is an example of which type of hypothesis?
a. Complex
b. Statistical
c. Directional
✓ d. Nondirectional
2. In the process of narrowing a research question, which step most closely follows
identification of the research problem?
a. Identification of variables
✓ b. Review of the relevant literature
c. Identification of a gap in clinical practice
d. Formulation of a hypothesis
3. What is the dependent variable in the hypothesis, “Patients who are actively engaged in
development of their treatment plans will be more likely to adhere to prescribed treatments?”
a. Patient engagement in treatment plan development
✓ b. Patient adherence to prescribed treatments
c. Development of treatment plans
d. Effectiveness of prescribed treatments
4. Which type of variable confuses the effect of the independent variable on the dependent
variable so that the research results do not reflect the true relationship between the variables?
✓ a. Extraneous variable
b. Random variable
c. Within-group variable
d. Control variable
5. A hypothesis states that patient participation in an optional fitness program will change
when the types of incentives offered for completion of the program change. Which type of
relationship is the hypothesis identifying between the variables?
✓ a. Associative
b. Causal
c. Indirect
d. Predictive
6. A nurse is using the PICOT model to generate an EBP question about how virtual health
education, as compared to face-to-face health education, affects information retention and
recall in patients ages 5 to 8 years. Which component of PICOT does information retention
and recall represent?
a. Patient condition of interest
b. Intervention of interest
