NSG 3130 EXAM 4 Fundamental
Concepts & Skills for Nursing Practice
II EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED SOLUTIONS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
Galen College of Nursing
1. Components of the heart - ANSWER ✔ the pump
the electrical system
the vascular system
the blood volume
2. serum lipid levels - ANSWER ✔ fats can clog blood vessels and decrease
blood flow. LDL should be less than 130. HDL greater than 45. total
cholesterol lower than 200.
3. Serum Electrolytes - ANSWER ✔ can affect the conduction of the heart
4. Hemoglobin - ANSWER ✔ An iron-containing protein in red blood cells
that reversibly binds oxygen.
5. Creatinine kinase and troponin - ANSWER ✔ is elevated with cardiac cell
death. usually indicates an MI
6. Preload - ANSWER ✔ amount of blood and pressure in the ventricle at the
end of diastole. Increases due to increase of volume.
,7. Afterload - ANSWER ✔ the resistance that has to be exceeded for the
ventricle to eject the blood during systole. Increases due to HTN or
vasoconstriction.
8. cardiac output - ANSWER ✔ heart rate x stroke volume
9. Lifespan considerations - ANSWER ✔ -HR goes down in older adults
-heart loses muscle tone which causes decrease of cardiac output
-BP will trend up with age
-Irregularities in infants and children in common
-atherosclerosis is the build up of plaque in the vascular walls. more common in
older adults
-HTN typically elevates in older populations
10.African American and hispanic populations - ANSWER ✔ are more likely
to develop chronic HTN and heart diseases
11.Geriatric concerns - ANSWER ✔ -blood vessels are less elastic
-impaired valves due to stiffness causing a decrease in CO
-Decreased baroreceptor response
12.Non-modifiable risk factors - ANSWER ✔ age, race, family, gender
ethnicity
13.Modifiable risk factors - ANSWER ✔ lifestyle, diseases, and stress
14.metabolic syndrome - ANSWER ✔ A syndrome marked by the presence of
usually three or more of a group of factors:
-central obesity
-increased triglycerides
-elevated cholesterol levels
-hypertension
-hyperglycemia
15.C-reactive protein - ANSWER ✔ A nonspecific protein, produced in the
liver, that becomes elevated during episodes of acute inflammation or
infection.
,16.elevated homocysteine levels - ANSWER ✔ ndicates presence of
atherosclerosis and is a predictor of who is at risk
17.Ischemia - ANSWER ✔ an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of
the body, especially the heart muscles.
18.How do you know if there is not enough blood being received in the tissue? -
ANSWER ✔ Check temp, color, appearance, cap refill, etc of peripheral
extremities
19.tissue ischemia - ANSWER ✔ point at which tissues receive insufficient
oxygen and perfusion which can then result in gangrene or amputation
20.As the adult ages - ANSWER ✔ baroreceptors become less responsive
21.Donor type A - ANSWER ✔ Receiver type A or O
22.Donor type B - ANSWER ✔ Receiver type B or O
23.Donor type AB - ANSWER ✔ Receiver type A, B, AB, and O
24.Donor type O - ANSWER ✔ All receivers
25.blood flow of the heart - ANSWER ✔ Superior or inferior vena cava ->
right atrium-> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonic valve->
pulmonary artery-> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium-> bicuspid valve
-> left ventricle -> aortic valve-> aorta-> tissues and rest of body
26.left side receives what kind of blood - ANSWER ✔ oxygenated
27.What are the signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure? - ANSWER ✔
Signs and symptoms include shortness of breath (SOB), increased heart rate,
increased respiratory rate, peripheral vasoconstriction, cold and pale
extremities, and distended neck veins.
28.What medication would you give to a patient with left-sided heart failure? -
ANSWER ✔ Common medications include diuretics to reduce fluid
overload, ACE inhibitors, and beta-blockers.
, 29.What medications are given for fluid overload? - ANSWER ✔ Diuretics,
such as furosemide (Lasix), are commonly used to manage fluid overload.
30.What are common cardiac diagnostic tests? - ANSWER ✔ Common tests
include electrocardiograms (ECG), echocardiograms, stress tests, and
cardiac catheterization.
31.How can a patient promote a healthy heart through diet? - ANSWER ✔ A
heart-healthy diet includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins,
and low-fat dairy while reducing saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, and
sodium.
32.What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema? - ANSWER ✔
Signs and symptoms include difficulty breathing, a feeling of suffocation,
cough with frothy sputum, and rapid weight gain due to fluid retention.
33.What steps should be taken if a cardiac monitor shows an arrhythmia? -
ANSWER ✔ Assess the patient, check vital signs, notify the healthcare
provider, and prepare for potential interventions such as medication or
defibrillation.
34.What foods are heart-healthy for a patient with hypertension? - ANSWER
✔ Recommended foods include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean
proteins, and low-fat dairy products, while avoiding high-sodium and high-
fat foods.
35.How should a cardiac patient be monitored while ambulating? - ANSWER
✔ Monitor vital signs, observe for signs of distress, and ensure the patient
has assistance if needed.
36.What is Warfarin and what teaching is necessary for this drug? - ANSWER
✔ Warfarin is an anticoagulant used to prevent blood clots. Patients should
be taught about the importance of regular INR monitoring, dietary
considerations, and signs of bleeding.
37.What are the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease? - ANSWER ✔
Risk factors include modifiable factors like smoking, obesity, physical
Concepts & Skills for Nursing Practice
II EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED SOLUTIONS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
Galen College of Nursing
1. Components of the heart - ANSWER ✔ the pump
the electrical system
the vascular system
the blood volume
2. serum lipid levels - ANSWER ✔ fats can clog blood vessels and decrease
blood flow. LDL should be less than 130. HDL greater than 45. total
cholesterol lower than 200.
3. Serum Electrolytes - ANSWER ✔ can affect the conduction of the heart
4. Hemoglobin - ANSWER ✔ An iron-containing protein in red blood cells
that reversibly binds oxygen.
5. Creatinine kinase and troponin - ANSWER ✔ is elevated with cardiac cell
death. usually indicates an MI
6. Preload - ANSWER ✔ amount of blood and pressure in the ventricle at the
end of diastole. Increases due to increase of volume.
,7. Afterload - ANSWER ✔ the resistance that has to be exceeded for the
ventricle to eject the blood during systole. Increases due to HTN or
vasoconstriction.
8. cardiac output - ANSWER ✔ heart rate x stroke volume
9. Lifespan considerations - ANSWER ✔ -HR goes down in older adults
-heart loses muscle tone which causes decrease of cardiac output
-BP will trend up with age
-Irregularities in infants and children in common
-atherosclerosis is the build up of plaque in the vascular walls. more common in
older adults
-HTN typically elevates in older populations
10.African American and hispanic populations - ANSWER ✔ are more likely
to develop chronic HTN and heart diseases
11.Geriatric concerns - ANSWER ✔ -blood vessels are less elastic
-impaired valves due to stiffness causing a decrease in CO
-Decreased baroreceptor response
12.Non-modifiable risk factors - ANSWER ✔ age, race, family, gender
ethnicity
13.Modifiable risk factors - ANSWER ✔ lifestyle, diseases, and stress
14.metabolic syndrome - ANSWER ✔ A syndrome marked by the presence of
usually three or more of a group of factors:
-central obesity
-increased triglycerides
-elevated cholesterol levels
-hypertension
-hyperglycemia
15.C-reactive protein - ANSWER ✔ A nonspecific protein, produced in the
liver, that becomes elevated during episodes of acute inflammation or
infection.
,16.elevated homocysteine levels - ANSWER ✔ ndicates presence of
atherosclerosis and is a predictor of who is at risk
17.Ischemia - ANSWER ✔ an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of
the body, especially the heart muscles.
18.How do you know if there is not enough blood being received in the tissue? -
ANSWER ✔ Check temp, color, appearance, cap refill, etc of peripheral
extremities
19.tissue ischemia - ANSWER ✔ point at which tissues receive insufficient
oxygen and perfusion which can then result in gangrene or amputation
20.As the adult ages - ANSWER ✔ baroreceptors become less responsive
21.Donor type A - ANSWER ✔ Receiver type A or O
22.Donor type B - ANSWER ✔ Receiver type B or O
23.Donor type AB - ANSWER ✔ Receiver type A, B, AB, and O
24.Donor type O - ANSWER ✔ All receivers
25.blood flow of the heart - ANSWER ✔ Superior or inferior vena cava ->
right atrium-> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonic valve->
pulmonary artery-> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium-> bicuspid valve
-> left ventricle -> aortic valve-> aorta-> tissues and rest of body
26.left side receives what kind of blood - ANSWER ✔ oxygenated
27.What are the signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure? - ANSWER ✔
Signs and symptoms include shortness of breath (SOB), increased heart rate,
increased respiratory rate, peripheral vasoconstriction, cold and pale
extremities, and distended neck veins.
28.What medication would you give to a patient with left-sided heart failure? -
ANSWER ✔ Common medications include diuretics to reduce fluid
overload, ACE inhibitors, and beta-blockers.
, 29.What medications are given for fluid overload? - ANSWER ✔ Diuretics,
such as furosemide (Lasix), are commonly used to manage fluid overload.
30.What are common cardiac diagnostic tests? - ANSWER ✔ Common tests
include electrocardiograms (ECG), echocardiograms, stress tests, and
cardiac catheterization.
31.How can a patient promote a healthy heart through diet? - ANSWER ✔ A
heart-healthy diet includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins,
and low-fat dairy while reducing saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, and
sodium.
32.What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema? - ANSWER ✔
Signs and symptoms include difficulty breathing, a feeling of suffocation,
cough with frothy sputum, and rapid weight gain due to fluid retention.
33.What steps should be taken if a cardiac monitor shows an arrhythmia? -
ANSWER ✔ Assess the patient, check vital signs, notify the healthcare
provider, and prepare for potential interventions such as medication or
defibrillation.
34.What foods are heart-healthy for a patient with hypertension? - ANSWER
✔ Recommended foods include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean
proteins, and low-fat dairy products, while avoiding high-sodium and high-
fat foods.
35.How should a cardiac patient be monitored while ambulating? - ANSWER
✔ Monitor vital signs, observe for signs of distress, and ensure the patient
has assistance if needed.
36.What is Warfarin and what teaching is necessary for this drug? - ANSWER
✔ Warfarin is an anticoagulant used to prevent blood clots. Patients should
be taught about the importance of regular INR monitoring, dietary
considerations, and signs of bleeding.
37.What are the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease? - ANSWER ✔
Risk factors include modifiable factors like smoking, obesity, physical
