, TESTBANK FOR Dossey & Keegan's Holistic Nursing A Handbook for
Practice Eighth Edition Helming
Important Notes
The file includes the complete test bank, organized chapter by chapter.
A sample of selected pages has been provided for preview.
All available appendices and Excel files (if included in the original resources) are
provided.
Quizzes, Midterm and final exams are included (if available in the original resources).
We continuously update our files to ensure you receive the latest and most accurate
editions.
New editions are added regularly – stay connected for updates!
⚠️Note on Answer Keys: If the answer key is not included within the chapter
questions, you will find the complete answers and solutions at the end of each
chapter.
✅ Why Buy From Us?
📚 Complete & organized chapter-by-chapter – no missing content, no guessing.
⚡ Instant digital delivery – get your file the moment you pay, no waiting.
📅 Always up to date – we track new editions so you always get the latest version.
💬 Friendly support – real humans ready to help, anytime you need us.
🔒 Safe & secure – thousands of satisfied students trust us every semester.
🛡️Our Guarantees
💰 Money-Back Guarantee: Not satisfied? We offer a full refund – no questions asked.
🔄 Wrong File? No Problem: Contact us and we will replace it immediately with the
correct version, free of charge.
⏰ 24/7 Support: We are always here – reach out anytime and expect a fast response.
, Holistic Nursing 8E – Test Bank
BLASZKO_HELMING_ASQZ_CH01-HOLISTIC NURSING 8E NAV
ADVANTAGE DIGITAL
1. Some in nursing want to switch away from:
✓ a. the biomedical model.
b. the holistic model.
c. the caring model.
d. the patient-centered model.
2. If you were sick in 1850, you were most likely cared for by:
a. holistically trained professional nurses.
✓ b. family members at home.
c. doctors in a large hospital.
d. in a distant city.
3. In 1830, health care was proportioned in what way?
a. Mostly allopathic
b. Mostly sectarian
✓ c. Split between allopathic and sectarian
d. Mostly allopathic with a small amount of sectarian care
4. During the Civil War, a nurse might tell a patient that disease could be spread around an
army camp by:
✓ a. putrid air.
b. viruses.
c. bacteria.
d. contaminated river water.
5. The American Journal of Nursing had its debut in:
a. 1875.
b. 1890.
✓ c. 1900.
d. 1950.
6. The post–World War II period saw nurses deal with many more patients of what kind?
a. Geriatric
✓ b. Pediatric
c. Immigrant
d. Cancer-stricken
,7. In the late 1800s, a nurse had what kind of autonomy from a physician's orders?
✓ a. Minimal
b. Significant
c. Highly varied
d. Extensive with more training
8. Leininger began to push for caring in nursing with a paper published in:
a. 1940.
b. 1965.
✓ c. 1977.
d. 1993.
9. During the 1960s, there was a strong push for the training of nurses at universities and
colleges.
10. The 1980s saw a surplus of nurses, both holistically trained and otherwise.
BLASZKO_HELMING_ASQZ_CH02-HOLISTIC NURSING 8E NAV
ADVANTAGE DIGITAL
1. Which of the following best defines person-centered care?
a. Taking all of the symptoms into account
b. Caregiving that takes into account the patient–caregiver relationship
✓ c. Caring that takes into account the whole self of a person
d. The care of an individual
2. Which of the following outlines the scope and standards of the specialty practice of holistic
nursing?
a. Nursing's Social Policy Statement: The Essence of the Profession
b. Guide to the Code of Ethics for Nurses: Interpretation and Application
c. Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, Second Edition
✓ d. Holistic Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, Second Edition
3. Which of the following is true about the standards of holistic nursing?
✓ a. They are measurable.
b. They define the nurse's accountability to the healthcare system in which he or she works.
c. Practice at the basic and advanced levels are not differentiated.
d. They are independent of standards of practice expected of all registered nurses.
4. Holistic nurses believe which of the following does the healing?
a. The nurse
✓ b. The patient themselves
c. God or a spiritual factor
, d. The biomedical intervention
5. Which of the following is the best attitude for holistic nurses regarding the culture of their
patients?
a. Understanding that concepts of health and healing are based in culture
b. Understanding that culture influences people's actions in promoting, maintaining, and restoring health
✓ c. Honoring the individual's understanding and articulation of his or her own cultural beliefs and health
practices
d. Possessing knowledge and understanding of numerous cultural traditions and healthcare practices
6. When holistic nurses are guiding patients through healthcare decision by discussing
evidence regarding both conventional and complementary/alternative practices, which of the
five core values of holistic nursing is the nurse demonstrating?
a. Holistic theory
b. Holistic caring process
c. Holistic communication
✓ d. Holistic education and research
7. Under the holistic nursing standard of planning, which of the following would be expected
of an advanced practice registered nurse?
✓ a. Exploring with the individual using linguistic and symbolic language
b. Establishing safe space to explore suggested potential and alternative options
c. Establishing the plan with the person, family, significant others, and caregivers
d. Developing an individualized plan in partnership with the person that takes all of the person's
characteristics into account
8. Which of the following standards of holistic nursing applies only to the graduate-level
prepared or advanced practice registered nurses?
a. Constructing an evaluation of the outcomes in relation to the plan
✓ b. Prescribing evidence-based conventional and complementary/alternative treatments, therapies, and
procedures
c. Organizing the components of the plan of care
d. Using the self as an instrument of healing
9. Healing is the same as curing.
10. An overarching philosophical tenet of holistic nursing is that the holistic nurse assists
other nurses in nurturing and healing themselves.
BLASZKO_HELMING_ASQZ_CH03-HOLISTIC NURSING 8E NAV
ADVANTAGE DIGITAL
1. What kind of theory is the Theory of Integral Nursing?
✓ a. Grand
, b. Middle range
c. Practice
d. Local
2. Which of the following is an intervention commonly used with the Theory of Integral
Nursing?
a. Billing
✓ b. Reflection
c. Shaming
d. Free association
3. Quadrants revolve around what aspect of language?
✓ a. Person
b. Tense
c. Preposition
d. Conjunction
4. According to the quadrants of nursing, something like body temperature can be described
as:
a. interpretive.
✓ b. measurable.
c. qualitative.
d. quantitative.
5. If a nurse weighs a patient, that is what kind of knowing?
a. Personal
✓ b. Empirical
c. Aesthetic
d. Ethical
6. Which term best connects with context in nursing theory?
a. Nurse helper
b. Nurse assistant
c. Nurse practitioner
✓ d. Nurse healer
7. Which of the following is the least critical part of healing?
a. Being
b. Knowing
✓ c. Repeating
d. Doing
8. A metaparadigm in a nursing theory revolves around interactions between nurses and
physicians.
9. Training in holistic nursing would involve use of TIN.
,10. Holistic nursing assessments should revolve first around the needs of patients.
BLASZKO_HELMING_ASQZ_CH04-HOLISTIC NURSING 8E NAV
ADVANTAGE DIGITAL
1. Which of the following contributes to increased healthcare costs?
a. Number of new children being born
b. Illegal immigration
✓ c. Chronic disease
d. Decreased consumer demand for more services
2. About what percentage of Americans lacked health insurance in 2017?
a. 4%
✓ b. 9%
c. 11%
d. 18%
3. The focus of health care can be shifted to wellness by providing:
a. occupational health.
b. acute care.
✓ c. health coaching and education.
d. care of chronic conditions.
4. The Commonwealth Fund Foundation ranked the United Sttes how among 11 high-income
nations in terms of overall health care?
a. First
b. Second
c. Fifth
✓ d. Last
5. The recommendations in the Institute of Medicine's report Complementary and Alternative
Medicine in the United States regarding complementary/alternative modalities should be part
of the curriculum at which of the following?
a. Holistic nursing schools only
b. All levels of all nursing schools only
c. The postgraduate level of health professional schools only
✓ d. All health professional schools at all levels
6. According to the Institute of Medicine, what should be examined with regard to illness and
holistic care?
a. The need for more funding
✓ b. Social and cultural aspects
c. Moral outcomes
, d. Conflict between nurses and doctors
7. A challenge of measuring outcomes from conventional/alternative medicine is that:
a. health cannot be quantified.
b. pathology and symptoms are hard to measure.
c. it requires scientific processes in a single domain.
✓ d. methodologies need to be expanded to capture the wholeness of the individual's experience.
8. The percentage of U.S. GDP represented by healthcare costs has been fairly stable in recent
years.
9. People age 50 and older use complementary/alternative modalities at a higher rate than
their younger counterparts.
10. Acceptance of holistic nursing is one of the most pressing matters today.
BLASZKO_HELMING_ASQZ_CH05-HOLISTIC NURSING 8E NAV
ADVANTAGE DIGITAL
1. Which of the following is true about right relationships?
a. Right relationships are not involved in the healing process.
✓ b. The emergence of right relationships at any level leads to healing.
c. Right relationships are required at all levels to begin healing.
d. Right relationships are a state, not a process.
2. Which of the following is the development of right relationship levels of the mind, body, or
spirit system?
✓ a. Healing
b. Nursing
c. Human caring
d. Transpersonal
3. Which of the following best describes the relationship between healing and wholeness?
a. Wholeness can be achieved, but healing cannot.
b. Wholeness and healing are complementary but unrelated.
✓ c. The root of the word heal is “to become whole.″
d. Wholeness is a state of perfection, and healing is not.
4. Which of the following best defines healing?
a. Elimination of signs and symptoms of disease
b. End of disease or distress
c. A curing of the spirit
✓ d. The emergence of connections between levels of the body-mind-spirit system
,5. Which of the following is true about the process of healing, compared to the process of
curing?
a. The process of healing can only happen with the process of curing.
✓ b. Curing follows a predictable path, but healing does not.
c. The end point of healing can be predicted ahead of time, but it cannot be for curing.
d. Curing can happen on any level, but healing can only happen on the physical level.
6. Which of the following is a result of healing without curing?
✓ a. Progress cannot be predicted or prescribed.
b. Patients receive predictable numbers of days of care.
c. Self-transcendence is not achieved.
d. Progress is more predictable.
7. Which of the following transcends the individual to include appreciation and
acknowledgement of something greater?
a. Healing
b. Nursing
c. Holistic caring
✓ d. Transpersonal caring
8. Which of the following is a challenge presented to nurses participating in caring
occasions?
✓ a. The current healthcare system does not provide enough time for caring occasions.
b. The current healthcare system disproportionately rewards caring occasions.
c. Transcendence experiences can be draining for the nurse.
d. The process can cause burnout.
9. A characteristic of a Habitat for Healing is:
a. exclusive use of complementary and alternative healing modalities.
b. a guiding framework of power.
✓ c. practices guided around a framework of caring and healing.
d. physicians are solely responsible for outcomes.
10. In some cultures, death is seen not as a failure, but as a natural process of the healing
system, or even the ultimate healing.
BLASZKO_HELMING_ASQZ_CH06-HOLISTIC NURSING 8E NAV
ADVANTAGE DIGITAL
1. What is the role of nurses involved in research?
a. To help patients articulate their living will
b. To ascertain the desires of the patient
c. To make sure parents have the best interests of the child at heart
, ✓ d. To obtain informed consent
2. Members of the Earth community are:
a. all human beings on Earth.
b. all human beings that have ever lived on Earth.
✓ c. all human and nonhuman beings on Earth.
d. all living and nonliving objects on Earth.
3. Moral courage is:
a. asking clarifying questions to illuminate the ethical features of a situation.
✓ b. standing up for what is ethically right in spite of consequences.
c. revealing general and specific obligations and values.
d. evaluating competing moral and nonmoral claims.
4. Compared to other branches of ethics, only holistic ethics is concerned with:
a. the ethical treatment of the Earth community.
b. the Earth as a whole.
c. judging right and wrong.
✓ d. the unity of all people and of all nature.
5. How must a nurse be educated about holistic ethics?
✓ a. By developing an attitude of awareness of the sacredness of the self and the Earth community
b. By extensive reading on historical perspectives about holistic ethics
c. By memorizing facts about holistic ethics
d. By taking an additional holistic ethics course
6. In order to make ethical decisions appropriately, holistic nurses must:
a. set aside their core values for objectivity.
✓ b. be grounded in an understanding of the integral wholeness of all beings.
c. defer to institutional standards.
d. avoid the language of nursing and bioethics in decision-making groups for the sake of clarity.
7. Through socialization, people learn standards of right and wrong, which leads to:
a. personal ethics.
✓ b. morals.
c. values.
d. being.
8. Which of the following philosophers was concerned with the “personhood” of human
beings and persons as moral agents?
a. Aristotle
✓ b. Immanuel Kant
c. Jeremy Bentham
d. John Locke
Practice Eighth Edition Helming
Important Notes
The file includes the complete test bank, organized chapter by chapter.
A sample of selected pages has been provided for preview.
All available appendices and Excel files (if included in the original resources) are
provided.
Quizzes, Midterm and final exams are included (if available in the original resources).
We continuously update our files to ensure you receive the latest and most accurate
editions.
New editions are added regularly – stay connected for updates!
⚠️Note on Answer Keys: If the answer key is not included within the chapter
questions, you will find the complete answers and solutions at the end of each
chapter.
✅ Why Buy From Us?
📚 Complete & organized chapter-by-chapter – no missing content, no guessing.
⚡ Instant digital delivery – get your file the moment you pay, no waiting.
📅 Always up to date – we track new editions so you always get the latest version.
💬 Friendly support – real humans ready to help, anytime you need us.
🔒 Safe & secure – thousands of satisfied students trust us every semester.
🛡️Our Guarantees
💰 Money-Back Guarantee: Not satisfied? We offer a full refund – no questions asked.
🔄 Wrong File? No Problem: Contact us and we will replace it immediately with the
correct version, free of charge.
⏰ 24/7 Support: We are always here – reach out anytime and expect a fast response.
, Holistic Nursing 8E – Test Bank
BLASZKO_HELMING_ASQZ_CH01-HOLISTIC NURSING 8E NAV
ADVANTAGE DIGITAL
1. Some in nursing want to switch away from:
✓ a. the biomedical model.
b. the holistic model.
c. the caring model.
d. the patient-centered model.
2. If you were sick in 1850, you were most likely cared for by:
a. holistically trained professional nurses.
✓ b. family members at home.
c. doctors in a large hospital.
d. in a distant city.
3. In 1830, health care was proportioned in what way?
a. Mostly allopathic
b. Mostly sectarian
✓ c. Split between allopathic and sectarian
d. Mostly allopathic with a small amount of sectarian care
4. During the Civil War, a nurse might tell a patient that disease could be spread around an
army camp by:
✓ a. putrid air.
b. viruses.
c. bacteria.
d. contaminated river water.
5. The American Journal of Nursing had its debut in:
a. 1875.
b. 1890.
✓ c. 1900.
d. 1950.
6. The post–World War II period saw nurses deal with many more patients of what kind?
a. Geriatric
✓ b. Pediatric
c. Immigrant
d. Cancer-stricken
,7. In the late 1800s, a nurse had what kind of autonomy from a physician's orders?
✓ a. Minimal
b. Significant
c. Highly varied
d. Extensive with more training
8. Leininger began to push for caring in nursing with a paper published in:
a. 1940.
b. 1965.
✓ c. 1977.
d. 1993.
9. During the 1960s, there was a strong push for the training of nurses at universities and
colleges.
10. The 1980s saw a surplus of nurses, both holistically trained and otherwise.
BLASZKO_HELMING_ASQZ_CH02-HOLISTIC NURSING 8E NAV
ADVANTAGE DIGITAL
1. Which of the following best defines person-centered care?
a. Taking all of the symptoms into account
b. Caregiving that takes into account the patient–caregiver relationship
✓ c. Caring that takes into account the whole self of a person
d. The care of an individual
2. Which of the following outlines the scope and standards of the specialty practice of holistic
nursing?
a. Nursing's Social Policy Statement: The Essence of the Profession
b. Guide to the Code of Ethics for Nurses: Interpretation and Application
c. Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, Second Edition
✓ d. Holistic Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, Second Edition
3. Which of the following is true about the standards of holistic nursing?
✓ a. They are measurable.
b. They define the nurse's accountability to the healthcare system in which he or she works.
c. Practice at the basic and advanced levels are not differentiated.
d. They are independent of standards of practice expected of all registered nurses.
4. Holistic nurses believe which of the following does the healing?
a. The nurse
✓ b. The patient themselves
c. God or a spiritual factor
, d. The biomedical intervention
5. Which of the following is the best attitude for holistic nurses regarding the culture of their
patients?
a. Understanding that concepts of health and healing are based in culture
b. Understanding that culture influences people's actions in promoting, maintaining, and restoring health
✓ c. Honoring the individual's understanding and articulation of his or her own cultural beliefs and health
practices
d. Possessing knowledge and understanding of numerous cultural traditions and healthcare practices
6. When holistic nurses are guiding patients through healthcare decision by discussing
evidence regarding both conventional and complementary/alternative practices, which of the
five core values of holistic nursing is the nurse demonstrating?
a. Holistic theory
b. Holistic caring process
c. Holistic communication
✓ d. Holistic education and research
7. Under the holistic nursing standard of planning, which of the following would be expected
of an advanced practice registered nurse?
✓ a. Exploring with the individual using linguistic and symbolic language
b. Establishing safe space to explore suggested potential and alternative options
c. Establishing the plan with the person, family, significant others, and caregivers
d. Developing an individualized plan in partnership with the person that takes all of the person's
characteristics into account
8. Which of the following standards of holistic nursing applies only to the graduate-level
prepared or advanced practice registered nurses?
a. Constructing an evaluation of the outcomes in relation to the plan
✓ b. Prescribing evidence-based conventional and complementary/alternative treatments, therapies, and
procedures
c. Organizing the components of the plan of care
d. Using the self as an instrument of healing
9. Healing is the same as curing.
10. An overarching philosophical tenet of holistic nursing is that the holistic nurse assists
other nurses in nurturing and healing themselves.
BLASZKO_HELMING_ASQZ_CH03-HOLISTIC NURSING 8E NAV
ADVANTAGE DIGITAL
1. What kind of theory is the Theory of Integral Nursing?
✓ a. Grand
, b. Middle range
c. Practice
d. Local
2. Which of the following is an intervention commonly used with the Theory of Integral
Nursing?
a. Billing
✓ b. Reflection
c. Shaming
d. Free association
3. Quadrants revolve around what aspect of language?
✓ a. Person
b. Tense
c. Preposition
d. Conjunction
4. According to the quadrants of nursing, something like body temperature can be described
as:
a. interpretive.
✓ b. measurable.
c. qualitative.
d. quantitative.
5. If a nurse weighs a patient, that is what kind of knowing?
a. Personal
✓ b. Empirical
c. Aesthetic
d. Ethical
6. Which term best connects with context in nursing theory?
a. Nurse helper
b. Nurse assistant
c. Nurse practitioner
✓ d. Nurse healer
7. Which of the following is the least critical part of healing?
a. Being
b. Knowing
✓ c. Repeating
d. Doing
8. A metaparadigm in a nursing theory revolves around interactions between nurses and
physicians.
9. Training in holistic nursing would involve use of TIN.
,10. Holistic nursing assessments should revolve first around the needs of patients.
BLASZKO_HELMING_ASQZ_CH04-HOLISTIC NURSING 8E NAV
ADVANTAGE DIGITAL
1. Which of the following contributes to increased healthcare costs?
a. Number of new children being born
b. Illegal immigration
✓ c. Chronic disease
d. Decreased consumer demand for more services
2. About what percentage of Americans lacked health insurance in 2017?
a. 4%
✓ b. 9%
c. 11%
d. 18%
3. The focus of health care can be shifted to wellness by providing:
a. occupational health.
b. acute care.
✓ c. health coaching and education.
d. care of chronic conditions.
4. The Commonwealth Fund Foundation ranked the United Sttes how among 11 high-income
nations in terms of overall health care?
a. First
b. Second
c. Fifth
✓ d. Last
5. The recommendations in the Institute of Medicine's report Complementary and Alternative
Medicine in the United States regarding complementary/alternative modalities should be part
of the curriculum at which of the following?
a. Holistic nursing schools only
b. All levels of all nursing schools only
c. The postgraduate level of health professional schools only
✓ d. All health professional schools at all levels
6. According to the Institute of Medicine, what should be examined with regard to illness and
holistic care?
a. The need for more funding
✓ b. Social and cultural aspects
c. Moral outcomes
, d. Conflict between nurses and doctors
7. A challenge of measuring outcomes from conventional/alternative medicine is that:
a. health cannot be quantified.
b. pathology and symptoms are hard to measure.
c. it requires scientific processes in a single domain.
✓ d. methodologies need to be expanded to capture the wholeness of the individual's experience.
8. The percentage of U.S. GDP represented by healthcare costs has been fairly stable in recent
years.
9. People age 50 and older use complementary/alternative modalities at a higher rate than
their younger counterparts.
10. Acceptance of holistic nursing is one of the most pressing matters today.
BLASZKO_HELMING_ASQZ_CH05-HOLISTIC NURSING 8E NAV
ADVANTAGE DIGITAL
1. Which of the following is true about right relationships?
a. Right relationships are not involved in the healing process.
✓ b. The emergence of right relationships at any level leads to healing.
c. Right relationships are required at all levels to begin healing.
d. Right relationships are a state, not a process.
2. Which of the following is the development of right relationship levels of the mind, body, or
spirit system?
✓ a. Healing
b. Nursing
c. Human caring
d. Transpersonal
3. Which of the following best describes the relationship between healing and wholeness?
a. Wholeness can be achieved, but healing cannot.
b. Wholeness and healing are complementary but unrelated.
✓ c. The root of the word heal is “to become whole.″
d. Wholeness is a state of perfection, and healing is not.
4. Which of the following best defines healing?
a. Elimination of signs and symptoms of disease
b. End of disease or distress
c. A curing of the spirit
✓ d. The emergence of connections between levels of the body-mind-spirit system
,5. Which of the following is true about the process of healing, compared to the process of
curing?
a. The process of healing can only happen with the process of curing.
✓ b. Curing follows a predictable path, but healing does not.
c. The end point of healing can be predicted ahead of time, but it cannot be for curing.
d. Curing can happen on any level, but healing can only happen on the physical level.
6. Which of the following is a result of healing without curing?
✓ a. Progress cannot be predicted or prescribed.
b. Patients receive predictable numbers of days of care.
c. Self-transcendence is not achieved.
d. Progress is more predictable.
7. Which of the following transcends the individual to include appreciation and
acknowledgement of something greater?
a. Healing
b. Nursing
c. Holistic caring
✓ d. Transpersonal caring
8. Which of the following is a challenge presented to nurses participating in caring
occasions?
✓ a. The current healthcare system does not provide enough time for caring occasions.
b. The current healthcare system disproportionately rewards caring occasions.
c. Transcendence experiences can be draining for the nurse.
d. The process can cause burnout.
9. A characteristic of a Habitat for Healing is:
a. exclusive use of complementary and alternative healing modalities.
b. a guiding framework of power.
✓ c. practices guided around a framework of caring and healing.
d. physicians are solely responsible for outcomes.
10. In some cultures, death is seen not as a failure, but as a natural process of the healing
system, or even the ultimate healing.
BLASZKO_HELMING_ASQZ_CH06-HOLISTIC NURSING 8E NAV
ADVANTAGE DIGITAL
1. What is the role of nurses involved in research?
a. To help patients articulate their living will
b. To ascertain the desires of the patient
c. To make sure parents have the best interests of the child at heart
, ✓ d. To obtain informed consent
2. Members of the Earth community are:
a. all human beings on Earth.
b. all human beings that have ever lived on Earth.
✓ c. all human and nonhuman beings on Earth.
d. all living and nonliving objects on Earth.
3. Moral courage is:
a. asking clarifying questions to illuminate the ethical features of a situation.
✓ b. standing up for what is ethically right in spite of consequences.
c. revealing general and specific obligations and values.
d. evaluating competing moral and nonmoral claims.
4. Compared to other branches of ethics, only holistic ethics is concerned with:
a. the ethical treatment of the Earth community.
b. the Earth as a whole.
c. judging right and wrong.
✓ d. the unity of all people and of all nature.
5. How must a nurse be educated about holistic ethics?
✓ a. By developing an attitude of awareness of the sacredness of the self and the Earth community
b. By extensive reading on historical perspectives about holistic ethics
c. By memorizing facts about holistic ethics
d. By taking an additional holistic ethics course
6. In order to make ethical decisions appropriately, holistic nurses must:
a. set aside their core values for objectivity.
✓ b. be grounded in an understanding of the integral wholeness of all beings.
c. defer to institutional standards.
d. avoid the language of nursing and bioethics in decision-making groups for the sake of clarity.
7. Through socialization, people learn standards of right and wrong, which leads to:
a. personal ethics.
✓ b. morals.
c. values.
d. being.
8. Which of the following philosophers was concerned with the “personhood” of human
beings and persons as moral agents?
a. Aristotle
✓ b. Immanuel Kant
c. Jeremy Bentham
d. John Locke
