Marine Biology Final Exam Prep
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Niche
Full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and that
affect the organisms ability to survive and reproduce.
What an organisms "does".
Physical stresses of the intertidal zone
-tides (aerial exposure)
-waves (shock)
-Air/sunlight (temperature, desiccation, UV radiation, respiration)
-Salinity
Zonation of the intertidal (in order from shore to water)
-Supralittoral zone
-littoral zone (supralittoral fringe, midlittoral zone, infralittoral fringe)
-infralittoral (subtidal) zone
What affects the vertical width of the tidal zones?
Wave action
That affects the horizontal width of the total zones?
slope of the shore
Why does the pacific intertidal have a higher species diversity?
Because the atlantic suffered a mass extinction event due to the iceage
Marine Mammals
-hair
-endotherms
-mammary glands
-placenta
Diving mammals do not have to contend with the bends during protracted dives
because:
,-they do not breathe a continuous supply of air
-they collapse their alveoli during the dive (flexible thorax)
Mammal dive response
-high volume of blood
-high carrying capacity of blood (hemoglobin)
-high oxygen capacity of muscles/brain tissue (myoglobin)
-release red blood cells saturated with O2 from spleen
-exhibit diving bradycardia (dive reflex)
-vasoconstriction for protracted dives
-lower metabolic rate
-reduced ventilatory response to CO2 (no inhale reflex)
-high lactic acid tolerance
diving bradycardia
Slowing of the heart rate during diving.
"dive reflex"
Three orders of marine mammals
Carnivora, Sirenia, Cetacea
Carnivora
marine mammals
-sea otters
-polar bears
-seals
-sea lions
-walruses
sirenia
manatees and dugongs and stellars sea cow (extinct)
Cetartiodactyla
whales and dolphins
Marine Fissipedia
sea otters and polar bears
Pinnipedia
Eared seals (otariids)
true seals (phocids)
walruses
Otariids
Eared seals (fur seals and sea lions)
-small ears
-swim with forearms
-limbs rotate including rear flippers
-can walk on land
-long neck
Phocids
true seals
-no external ears
- scull hind flippers
-forelimbs do not rotate
, -slither on land
-short neck
walruses
-no external ears
-swim with forelimbs (rotate)
-long neck
-walk on land
-huge
-tusks used for fighting and pulling on ice
-sensory vibrissae
-harems
manatees
marine and freshwater (3 species)
head smaller, flippers longer with rounded tail
Dugongs
marine (one species)
head larger, flippers shorter
notched tail
face angled downward to feed on seagrass
stellars sea cow
arctic waters (kelp diet)
discovered in 1740s
extinct in less than 30 years from hunting
Mysticeti
The suborder of baleen whales.
include right whales, roquals and gray whales
odontoceti
The suborder of toothed whales.
include sperm whales, dolphins, porpoises and killer whales
Right and bowhead whales
skimming, lack dorsal fin, relatively slow and easy to catch, feed on plankton
rorquals
whales with pleats
include blue whales, fin whales and humpback whales
ventral furrows and gulping behavior
humpbacks blow bubble nets for hunting
gray whale
suction feeding on amphipods
barnacles attach to nose because of feeding behavior
Seabirds
-endotherms with countercurrent heat exchange
-use salt glands to expel excess salt
-many use preening to improve insulation and buoyancy
-complex mating behaviors
Seabird flying types