Cognitive Psychology and Perception
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Cognitive psychology - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅The scientific study of mental processes
such as perception, attention, memory, language, and thinking.
Mental representations - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Internal structures or symbols that stand for
objects, ideas, or concepts in the world.
Information processing - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅The view that the mind takes in input,
transforms it through stages, and produces output.
Scientific method (in cognition) - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Using hypotheses, controlled
observation, and data to study mental processes.
Rationalism - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅The belief that knowledge comes primarily from
reason and innate mental structures.
Empiricism - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅The belief that knowledge comes primarily from
sensory experience.
Plato - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅An ancient philosopher who argued that true knowledge is
innate and that sensory experience can be misleading.
Innate knowledge - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Knowledge that is present at birth rather than
learned through experience.
Forms - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Perfect, abstract ideas that exist independently of physical
objects.
, Allegory of the cave - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅A metaphor showing that people often mistake
sensory appearances for reality.
Aristotle - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅An ancient philosopher who argued that knowledge
comes from experience and observation.
Tabula rasa - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅The idea that the mind begins as a blank slate.
Universals - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅General concepts formed by abstracting across multiple
experiences.
Abstraction - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅The process of extracting general ideas from specific
examples.
Nature vs nurture - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅The debate over whether knowledge is innate or
learned through experience.
René Descartes - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅A philosopher who argued for innate ideas and
that the mind and body are separate.
Mind-body dualism - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅The idea that the mind and the physical body
are distinct entities.
Innate ideas - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Concepts that exist in the mind independently of
experience.
Mechanistic view of the body - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅The idea that the body functions like
a machine governed by physical laws.
David Hume - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅A philosopher who argued that knowledge is built
from experience and associations.
Associationism - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅The idea that mental ideas are connected through
experience.
Causation - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅The belief that cause-and-effect relationships are
learned through repeated experience, not directly observed.
Habit - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅Mental connections formed through repeated exposure to
events.
Sensation - ANSWER ✅✅✅✅The detection of physical energy by sensory receptors.