APHASIA EXAM 1 2026/2027 | COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE QUESTIONS
& EXAM REVIEW
Expressive/Non-fluent Aphasia - ANS ✔✔Type of aphasia in which expression by speech or
writing is severely impaired
Receptive/Fluent Aphasia - ANS ✔✔Type of aphasia characterized by fluent but meaningless
speech and severe impairment of the ability understand spoken or written words
Gall - ANS ✔✔Used phrenology to link behaviors to specific parts of the brain
Phrenology - ANS ✔✔a now abandoned study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths
of different faculties
Localizationists - ANS ✔✔Believe that behaviors are linked to specific locations
Paul Broca - ANS ✔✔discovered area in the brain (named for him) in the left frontal lobe
responsible for language production- Tan Tan - BA 44
Karl Wernicke - ANS ✔✔1848-1905; Field: perception; Contributions: area of left temporal lobe
involved language understanding; Studies: person damaged in this area uses correct words but
they do not make sense - BA 22
Perisylvian Lesion - ANS ✔✔lesion near sylvian sulcus
Geschwind - ANS ✔✔(1960s): Raised importance of supramarginal (BA 40) and angular gyri (BA
39) - Important areas for reading and writing
, Cognitivism - ANS ✔✔Intellect is somewhat disordered in Aphasia - Cannot separate language
from cognition
Trousseau - ANS ✔✔(1800s-1860s): Intelligence is always impaired with Aphasia
Jackson - ANS ✔✔(1830s-1911): Aphasia is a propositional disturbance: goal directed utterance
- Content to convey an idea - People with Aphasia struggle to share ideas- Cognitivists separated
propositional disturbance from automatic language - People with Aphasia tend to have more
success with automatic language. - Difficulty formulating language to get specific ideas across -
Answering questions that require thought are difficult. - Propositional speech requires thought
and integration of ideas. - Jackson called localizationists "Diagram Makers" - Ideas collided
between localizationists and cognitivists
Marie - ANS ✔✔(1850s-1940): Did not believe Broca - Language is not just on the left side
because his patients did not have lesions in that areas - Believed that language is all over the
brain
Head - ANS ✔✔Aphasia is a symbolic disorder (not language) - Language is all symbols
Goldstein - ANS ✔✔(1880-1965): Aphasia is an abstract thinking deficit - People with Aphasia
can't react to things in a conceptual manner - Can only use concrete language
Weisenberg and McBride - ANS ✔✔(1930s): A lot of variability in Aphasia - There may not
necessarily be cognitive deficits
Jacobson - ANS ✔✔(1956): Neurolinguist - Looked at phonological aspects - Noun v. Verb usage
- Tenses - How do they use linguistic constructs?
Propositional disturbance - ANS ✔✔Propositional speech deficit because the automatics are
intact. The ability to convey intent is impaired. - Cognitive perspective
& EXAM REVIEW
Expressive/Non-fluent Aphasia - ANS ✔✔Type of aphasia in which expression by speech or
writing is severely impaired
Receptive/Fluent Aphasia - ANS ✔✔Type of aphasia characterized by fluent but meaningless
speech and severe impairment of the ability understand spoken or written words
Gall - ANS ✔✔Used phrenology to link behaviors to specific parts of the brain
Phrenology - ANS ✔✔a now abandoned study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths
of different faculties
Localizationists - ANS ✔✔Believe that behaviors are linked to specific locations
Paul Broca - ANS ✔✔discovered area in the brain (named for him) in the left frontal lobe
responsible for language production- Tan Tan - BA 44
Karl Wernicke - ANS ✔✔1848-1905; Field: perception; Contributions: area of left temporal lobe
involved language understanding; Studies: person damaged in this area uses correct words but
they do not make sense - BA 22
Perisylvian Lesion - ANS ✔✔lesion near sylvian sulcus
Geschwind - ANS ✔✔(1960s): Raised importance of supramarginal (BA 40) and angular gyri (BA
39) - Important areas for reading and writing
, Cognitivism - ANS ✔✔Intellect is somewhat disordered in Aphasia - Cannot separate language
from cognition
Trousseau - ANS ✔✔(1800s-1860s): Intelligence is always impaired with Aphasia
Jackson - ANS ✔✔(1830s-1911): Aphasia is a propositional disturbance: goal directed utterance
- Content to convey an idea - People with Aphasia struggle to share ideas- Cognitivists separated
propositional disturbance from automatic language - People with Aphasia tend to have more
success with automatic language. - Difficulty formulating language to get specific ideas across -
Answering questions that require thought are difficult. - Propositional speech requires thought
and integration of ideas. - Jackson called localizationists "Diagram Makers" - Ideas collided
between localizationists and cognitivists
Marie - ANS ✔✔(1850s-1940): Did not believe Broca - Language is not just on the left side
because his patients did not have lesions in that areas - Believed that language is all over the
brain
Head - ANS ✔✔Aphasia is a symbolic disorder (not language) - Language is all symbols
Goldstein - ANS ✔✔(1880-1965): Aphasia is an abstract thinking deficit - People with Aphasia
can't react to things in a conceptual manner - Can only use concrete language
Weisenberg and McBride - ANS ✔✔(1930s): A lot of variability in Aphasia - There may not
necessarily be cognitive deficits
Jacobson - ANS ✔✔(1956): Neurolinguist - Looked at phonological aspects - Noun v. Verb usage
- Tenses - How do they use linguistic constructs?
Propositional disturbance - ANS ✔✔Propositional speech deficit because the automatics are
intact. The ability to convey intent is impaired. - Cognitive perspective
