MDC Chapter 9 Exam Questions and
Answers with Verified Solutions | Latest
Updated 2026
Nociceptive (Physiologic) Pain Pain caused by tissue injury or
inflammation.
Neuropathic (Pathophysiologic) Pain caused by nerve damage or nerve
Pain dysfunction.
Transduction Process where injury is converted into a
pain signal.
Nociceptors Pain receptors that detect harmful stimuli.
Prostaglandins Chemicals released during injury that
increase pain
and inflammation.
Transmission Process where pain signals travel from the
injury
site to the spinal cord and brain.
Perception When the brain becomes aware of and
interprets
the pain signal.
, Modulation Process where the body increases or
decreases
pain signals.
Endocrine pain response Stress hormones increase (cortisol,
(Hormones) epinephrine,
norepinephrine, glucagon), Insulin and
testosterone decrease
Cardiovascular pain response Heart rate and blood pressure increase,
(Heart Heart
& Blood Vessels) works harder and uses more oxygen,
Higher risk of
blood clots (DVT)
Respiratory pain response Breathing becomes less effective, Risk of
(Breathing) atelectasis (collapsed lung areas), Low
oxygen
levels and possible infection
Genitourinary pain response Less urine output, Urinary retention and
(Urinary fluid
System) buildup
Gastrointestinal pain response Slower stomach and bowel movement
(Digestive System) (slow
digestion)
Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) Patient rates pain from 0-10.
Answers with Verified Solutions | Latest
Updated 2026
Nociceptive (Physiologic) Pain Pain caused by tissue injury or
inflammation.
Neuropathic (Pathophysiologic) Pain caused by nerve damage or nerve
Pain dysfunction.
Transduction Process where injury is converted into a
pain signal.
Nociceptors Pain receptors that detect harmful stimuli.
Prostaglandins Chemicals released during injury that
increase pain
and inflammation.
Transmission Process where pain signals travel from the
injury
site to the spinal cord and brain.
Perception When the brain becomes aware of and
interprets
the pain signal.
, Modulation Process where the body increases or
decreases
pain signals.
Endocrine pain response Stress hormones increase (cortisol,
(Hormones) epinephrine,
norepinephrine, glucagon), Insulin and
testosterone decrease
Cardiovascular pain response Heart rate and blood pressure increase,
(Heart Heart
& Blood Vessels) works harder and uses more oxygen,
Higher risk of
blood clots (DVT)
Respiratory pain response Breathing becomes less effective, Risk of
(Breathing) atelectasis (collapsed lung areas), Low
oxygen
levels and possible infection
Genitourinary pain response Less urine output, Urinary retention and
(Urinary fluid
System) buildup
Gastrointestinal pain response Slower stomach and bowel movement
(Digestive System) (slow
digestion)
Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) Patient rates pain from 0-10.
