BIOL251 FInaL Exam REvIEw Exam LatESt 2026 actUaL QUEStIOnS
and vERIFIEd anSwERS (LatESt UpdatE) a+ GRadE
100% GUaRantEE vERIFIEd By ExpERtS
anatomy - anSwER-study of structure
physiology - anSwER-study of how body parts function
level of structural organization - anSwER-chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,
organismal
11 systems of the human body - anSwER-integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
integumentary components - anSwER-skin, hair, nails
integumentary functions - anSwER-protection, body temperature regulation, insulation
skeletal components - anSwER-bones, joints, cartilage
skeletal functions - anSwER-structure, support, body movements
muscular components - anSwER-skeletal muscle tissue
muscular functions - anSwER-movements, produces heat, maintains posture
nervous components - anSwER-brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs (eyes and
ears)
,nervous functions - anSwER-action potentials, regulates body activities, detects
changes in internal and external
endocrine components - anSwER-hormone producing glands (pineal gland,
hypothalamus, pituary gland, ovaries, etc.)
endocrine functions - anSwER-releasing hormones (chemical messengers)
cardiovascular components - anSwER-blood, heart, blood vessels
cardiovascular functions - anSwER-pumping blood, helps regulate temperature and
water content of body fluids
lymphatic components - anSwER-lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes,
and tonsils
lymphatic functions - anSwER-returns proteins and fluids to the blood, carries lipids
respiratory components - anSwER-lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, pharynx, and larynx
respiratory functions - anSwER-transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon
dioxide from blood to exhaled air
digestive components - anSwER-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,
pancreas, anus
digestive functions - anSwER-achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food,
absorbs nutrients
urinary components - anSwER-kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
,urinary functions - anSwER-produces, stores, and eliminates urine
reproductive components - anSwER-gonads, uterine tubes, mammary glands, etc.
reproductive functions - anSwER-gonads produce gametes to help form a new
organism, mammary glands produce milk, etc.
life processes in humans - anSwER-metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth,
differentiation, reproduction
homeostasis - anSwER-a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body's internal
environment
fluid in homeostasis - anSwER-extracellular fluid
components of a feedback loop - anSwER-stimulus, receptor, control center, effector,
response
negative feedback loop - anSwER-a feedback loop that causes a system to change in the
opposite direction from which it is moving (example: change in blood pressure)
positive feedback loop - anSwER-a feedback loop in which change in a system is
amplified (example: pregnancy)
tissue - anSwER-a group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin in an
embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities
4 basic types of tissue - anSwER-epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
, cell junctions - anSwER-cells that are held together in a variety of ways; point of contact
between cells
tight junctions - anSwER-adjacent plasma membranes with intercellular space between;
stands of transmembrane proteins on the sides
adherens junctions - anSwER-adjacent plasma membranes with microfilament (actin)
along the middle with plaque in between
desmosomes - anSwER-adjacent plasma membranes with plaque in the middle and
keratin on the sides (crazy looking)
hemidesmosomes - anSwER-attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane with
keratin on the top
gap junctions - anSwER-adjacent plasma membranes with connexons and gaps between
epithelial tissue - anSwER-cells arranged in sheets and are densely packed, many cell
junctions present, attaches to basement membrane, avascular with nerve supply, mitosis
occurs frequently
epithelial cell diagram - anSwER-
classifications of epithelial tissue - anSwER-simple, pseudostratified, stratified,
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
gland - anSwER-a single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion
endocrine and exocrine glands - anSwER-glandular epithelium can have these two gland
types
and vERIFIEd anSwERS (LatESt UpdatE) a+ GRadE
100% GUaRantEE vERIFIEd By ExpERtS
anatomy - anSwER-study of structure
physiology - anSwER-study of how body parts function
level of structural organization - anSwER-chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,
organismal
11 systems of the human body - anSwER-integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
integumentary components - anSwER-skin, hair, nails
integumentary functions - anSwER-protection, body temperature regulation, insulation
skeletal components - anSwER-bones, joints, cartilage
skeletal functions - anSwER-structure, support, body movements
muscular components - anSwER-skeletal muscle tissue
muscular functions - anSwER-movements, produces heat, maintains posture
nervous components - anSwER-brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs (eyes and
ears)
,nervous functions - anSwER-action potentials, regulates body activities, detects
changes in internal and external
endocrine components - anSwER-hormone producing glands (pineal gland,
hypothalamus, pituary gland, ovaries, etc.)
endocrine functions - anSwER-releasing hormones (chemical messengers)
cardiovascular components - anSwER-blood, heart, blood vessels
cardiovascular functions - anSwER-pumping blood, helps regulate temperature and
water content of body fluids
lymphatic components - anSwER-lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes,
and tonsils
lymphatic functions - anSwER-returns proteins and fluids to the blood, carries lipids
respiratory components - anSwER-lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, pharynx, and larynx
respiratory functions - anSwER-transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon
dioxide from blood to exhaled air
digestive components - anSwER-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,
pancreas, anus
digestive functions - anSwER-achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food,
absorbs nutrients
urinary components - anSwER-kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
,urinary functions - anSwER-produces, stores, and eliminates urine
reproductive components - anSwER-gonads, uterine tubes, mammary glands, etc.
reproductive functions - anSwER-gonads produce gametes to help form a new
organism, mammary glands produce milk, etc.
life processes in humans - anSwER-metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth,
differentiation, reproduction
homeostasis - anSwER-a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body's internal
environment
fluid in homeostasis - anSwER-extracellular fluid
components of a feedback loop - anSwER-stimulus, receptor, control center, effector,
response
negative feedback loop - anSwER-a feedback loop that causes a system to change in the
opposite direction from which it is moving (example: change in blood pressure)
positive feedback loop - anSwER-a feedback loop in which change in a system is
amplified (example: pregnancy)
tissue - anSwER-a group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin in an
embryo and function together to carry out specialized activities
4 basic types of tissue - anSwER-epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
, cell junctions - anSwER-cells that are held together in a variety of ways; point of contact
between cells
tight junctions - anSwER-adjacent plasma membranes with intercellular space between;
stands of transmembrane proteins on the sides
adherens junctions - anSwER-adjacent plasma membranes with microfilament (actin)
along the middle with plaque in between
desmosomes - anSwER-adjacent plasma membranes with plaque in the middle and
keratin on the sides (crazy looking)
hemidesmosomes - anSwER-attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane with
keratin on the top
gap junctions - anSwER-adjacent plasma membranes with connexons and gaps between
epithelial tissue - anSwER-cells arranged in sheets and are densely packed, many cell
junctions present, attaches to basement membrane, avascular with nerve supply, mitosis
occurs frequently
epithelial cell diagram - anSwER-
classifications of epithelial tissue - anSwER-simple, pseudostratified, stratified,
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
gland - anSwER-a single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion
endocrine and exocrine glands - anSwER-glandular epithelium can have these two gland
types
