NURS 611 EXAM 1 | Question and Answer |
2026/2027 Latest Review Pack | Previously
Tested Questions | Grade A+
• What 4 elements is DNA composed of? -✓✓ 1) deoxyribose
phosphate molecule
2) pyrimidine bases
3) purine bases
4) hydrogen bonds (stabilize the helix through large numbers)
• what are Ribosomes? -✓✓ RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
• What is the chief function of Ribosomes -✓✓ Chief function of ribosomes is to
provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
• Golgi Complex -✓✓ -network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles
frequently located near the nucleus of the cell.
-Proteins from the ER are processed and packaged into small membrane-bound
sacs or vesicles called secretory vesicles.
- refining plant and directs traffic into the cell.
• Lysosomes -✓✓ maintain cellular health
- efficient removal of toxic cellular components
-if damaged, will release and cause AUTODIGESTION
-removal of useless organelles
,- signals cellular adaptation
• what do Peroxisomes contain? -✓✓ hydrogen peroxide and other oxygen reactive
species
• Mitochondria -✓✓ - responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
-THINK ATP (energy) - ATP functions as the energy-transferring molecule.
- urea and heme synthesis
• How does a virus get into a cell? -✓✓ -through trickery!
-attaches to the cell and release and enzyme to facilitate entrance to the cell
-also by bacteria and parasites
• Diffusion -✓✓ passive
process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration
• facilitated diffusion -✓✓ -needs help to enter the cell
- ex: insulin attaches to a receptor to let glucose in
• Active transport -✓✓ -movement of a solute molecule from an area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration
- going against the gradient needs energy
• What cells in our body cannot reproduce? -✓✓ neurons, heart cells, skeletal
muscle cells, red blood cells
, -they do not reproduce or transform, but some can be created by the body
• Main types of cell death? -✓✓ apoptosis and necrosis
• apoptosis -✓✓ a cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-
destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations
• Necrosis -✓✓ characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction
• #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis -✓✓ hypoxia
• atrophy -✓✓ cell shrinks - decreased size
• Normal atrophy -✓✓ physiologic atrophy
• Effects of ischemia on cellular metabolism -✓✓ a reduction of ATP levels causes
the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exhange to
fail, which leads to intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion
of potassium out of the cell. sodium and water then can center the cell freely and
cellular swelling results
• pathologic atrohy -✓✓ occurs as a result of of decrease in workload, use,
pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation
• hypertophy -✓✓ increase in size of cell
2026/2027 Latest Review Pack | Previously
Tested Questions | Grade A+
• What 4 elements is DNA composed of? -✓✓ 1) deoxyribose
phosphate molecule
2) pyrimidine bases
3) purine bases
4) hydrogen bonds (stabilize the helix through large numbers)
• what are Ribosomes? -✓✓ RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
• What is the chief function of Ribosomes -✓✓ Chief function of ribosomes is to
provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
• Golgi Complex -✓✓ -network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles
frequently located near the nucleus of the cell.
-Proteins from the ER are processed and packaged into small membrane-bound
sacs or vesicles called secretory vesicles.
- refining plant and directs traffic into the cell.
• Lysosomes -✓✓ maintain cellular health
- efficient removal of toxic cellular components
-if damaged, will release and cause AUTODIGESTION
-removal of useless organelles
,- signals cellular adaptation
• what do Peroxisomes contain? -✓✓ hydrogen peroxide and other oxygen reactive
species
• Mitochondria -✓✓ - responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
-THINK ATP (energy) - ATP functions as the energy-transferring molecule.
- urea and heme synthesis
• How does a virus get into a cell? -✓✓ -through trickery!
-attaches to the cell and release and enzyme to facilitate entrance to the cell
-also by bacteria and parasites
• Diffusion -✓✓ passive
process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration
• facilitated diffusion -✓✓ -needs help to enter the cell
- ex: insulin attaches to a receptor to let glucose in
• Active transport -✓✓ -movement of a solute molecule from an area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration
- going against the gradient needs energy
• What cells in our body cannot reproduce? -✓✓ neurons, heart cells, skeletal
muscle cells, red blood cells
, -they do not reproduce or transform, but some can be created by the body
• Main types of cell death? -✓✓ apoptosis and necrosis
• apoptosis -✓✓ a cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-
destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations
• Necrosis -✓✓ characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction
• #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis -✓✓ hypoxia
• atrophy -✓✓ cell shrinks - decreased size
• Normal atrophy -✓✓ physiologic atrophy
• Effects of ischemia on cellular metabolism -✓✓ a reduction of ATP levels causes
the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exhange to
fail, which leads to intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion
of potassium out of the cell. sodium and water then can center the cell freely and
cellular swelling results
• pathologic atrohy -✓✓ occurs as a result of of decrease in workload, use,
pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation
• hypertophy -✓✓ increase in size of cell
