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HONDROS BIO 117 FINAL EXAM
2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
What is the mitochondria? - ANSWER-power house of the cell
and produces and supplies the cell with energy(ATP
production)
What is the endoplasmic reticulum? - ANSWER-a network of
membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell,
continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has
ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid
synthesis.
(protein (rough ER),Steroid synthesis (smooth ER) )
What is the golgi apparatus? - ANSWER-Another membrane of
the cell which is used for transportation throughout the cell
(packaging and transporting proteins)
What are lysosomes? - ANSWER-cleaning up cell debris
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What are the types of passive transport? - ANSWER-diffusion,
osmosis, facilitated diffusion
What is osmosis? - ANSWER-movement of water across a
membrane
What is filtration? - ANSWER-Movement across a membrane,
under pressure, from higher to lower pressure, no energy
required
What are the types of active transport? - ANSWER-protein
pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis
What in the purpose of the sodium/potassium pump? -
ANSWER-It is a transport pump for Na+/K+ for nerve
conduction
What is endocytosis used for? - ANSWER-take in large
molecules
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What is exocytosis? - ANSWER-materials are exported out of
the cell (energy required)
What are the types of macromolecules? - ANSWER-
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
What is a macromolecule? - ANSWER-a molecule containing a
very large number of atoms
What are the types carbohydrates? - ANSWER-
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
What are monosaccharides? - ANSWER-glucose, fructose,
galactose
What is a monosaccharide? - ANSWER-single sugar
What is fructose? - ANSWER-fruit sugar
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What is galactose? - ANSWER-"milk sugar" found in lactose
What is glucose? - ANSWER-blood sugar
What is a disaccharide? - ANSWER-two monosaccharides
joined together
What are the types of disaccharides? - ANSWER-sucrose,
lactose, maltose
What is lactose? - ANSWER-milk sugar
What is sucrose made of? - ANSWER-fructose and glucose
What is maltose composed of? - ANSWER-two glucose
molecules
HONDROS BIO 117 FINAL EXAM
2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
What is the mitochondria? - ANSWER-power house of the cell
and produces and supplies the cell with energy(ATP
production)
What is the endoplasmic reticulum? - ANSWER-a network of
membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell,
continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has
ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid
synthesis.
(protein (rough ER),Steroid synthesis (smooth ER) )
What is the golgi apparatus? - ANSWER-Another membrane of
the cell which is used for transportation throughout the cell
(packaging and transporting proteins)
What are lysosomes? - ANSWER-cleaning up cell debris
,2 | Page
What are the types of passive transport? - ANSWER-diffusion,
osmosis, facilitated diffusion
What is osmosis? - ANSWER-movement of water across a
membrane
What is filtration? - ANSWER-Movement across a membrane,
under pressure, from higher to lower pressure, no energy
required
What are the types of active transport? - ANSWER-protein
pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis
What in the purpose of the sodium/potassium pump? -
ANSWER-It is a transport pump for Na+/K+ for nerve
conduction
What is endocytosis used for? - ANSWER-take in large
molecules
,3 | Page
What is exocytosis? - ANSWER-materials are exported out of
the cell (energy required)
What are the types of macromolecules? - ANSWER-
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
What is a macromolecule? - ANSWER-a molecule containing a
very large number of atoms
What are the types carbohydrates? - ANSWER-
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
What are monosaccharides? - ANSWER-glucose, fructose,
galactose
What is a monosaccharide? - ANSWER-single sugar
What is fructose? - ANSWER-fruit sugar
, 4 | Page
What is galactose? - ANSWER-"milk sugar" found in lactose
What is glucose? - ANSWER-blood sugar
What is a disaccharide? - ANSWER-two monosaccharides
joined together
What are the types of disaccharides? - ANSWER-sucrose,
lactose, maltose
What is lactose? - ANSWER-milk sugar
What is sucrose made of? - ANSWER-fructose and glucose
What is maltose composed of? - ANSWER-two glucose
molecules
