BIO 201 Anatomy & Physiology I Advance Assessments 1-4 Questions and Answers |Accurate|Verified 2026

BIO 201 Anatomy & Physiology I Advance
Assessments 1-4 Questions and Answers

Contents
Cells
Tissues
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine

Question 1
A patient presents with severe dehydration. Which physiological response is expected
to occur first?
A. Increased urine output
B. Release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Decreased blood osmolarity
D. Increased salivary secretion
Rationale: ADH is secreted to conserve water by reducing urine output. Dehydration
increases blood osmolarity, triggering ADH release.

Question 2
Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in skeletal muscle cells?
A. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Golgi apparatus
Rationale: Mitochondria are the “powerhouses” of the cell, producing ATP through
aerobic respiration.

Question 3
During the resting membrane potential of a neuron, which ion is more concentrated
outside the cell?
A. Potassium (K⁺)
B. Sodium (Na⁺)
C. Calcium (Ca²⁺)
D. Chloride (Cl⁻)
Rationale: Sodium ions are more concentrated outside the neuron, while potassium ions
are more concentrated inside, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump.

Question 4
Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal medulla during the “fight-or-flight” response?
A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone

,C. Epinephrine
D. Insulin
Rationale: The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine to increase
heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose availability.

Question 5
Which type of tissue lines the alveoli of the lungs to allow gas exchange?
A. Stratified squamous epithelium
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
C. Simple squamous epithelium
D. Transitional epithelium
Rationale: Thin simple squamous cells facilitate rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon
dioxide across alveolar membranes.

Question 6
Which structure is the functional unit of the kidney?
A. Glomerulus
B. Nephron
C. Collecting duct
D. Loop of Henle
Rationale: The nephron is the kidney’s functional unit, responsible for filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion.

Question 7
Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary and non-striated?
A. Skeletal muscle
B. Cardiac muscle
C. Smooth muscle
D. Intercalated discs
Rationale: Smooth muscle is involuntary, non-striated, and found in walls of hollow
organs like intestines and blood vessels.

Question 8
Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?
A. Optic nerve (CN II)
B. Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
C. Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
D. Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Rationale: The optic nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

Question 9
Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to cause cardiac arrhythmias?
A. Hypocalcemia
B. Hypernatremia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hyperchloremia

, Rationale: Low potassium levels disrupt cardiac conduction, leading to arrhythmias.

Question 10
Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands?
A. Epidermis
B. Dermis
C. Hypodermis
D. Stratum corneum
Rationale: The dermis houses connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands,
and hair follicles.

Question 11
Which bone is part of the axial skeleton?
A. Femur
B. Humerus
C. Sternum
D. Radius
Rationale: The axial skeleton includes skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
(sternum, ribs).

Question 12
Which ion triggers muscle contraction by binding to troponin?
A. Sodium (Na⁺)
B. Potassium (K⁺)
C. Calcium (Ca²⁺)
D. Chloride (Cl⁻)
Rationale: Calcium binds to troponin, shifting tropomyosin and exposing actin binding
sites.

Question 13
Which part of the brain regulates balance and coordination?
A. Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Medulla oblongata
D. Hypothalamus
Rationale: The cerebellum fine-tunes motor activity and maintains posture and balance.

Question 14
Which connective tissue stores energy and insulates the body?
A. Cartilage
B. Bone
C. Adipose tissue
D. Dense regular tissue
Rationale: Adipose tissue stores fat, cushions organs, and provides thermal insulation.

Question 15