ANA 109 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what is anatomy? - Answers - science of body structures and their relationships
what is physiology? - Answers - science of body function
what are the 6 levels of organization? - Answers - chemical level, cellular level, tissue
level, organ level, system level, organism level
what is the hierarchy of complexity and why is it important? - Answers - reductionism
and holism, you must understand how the small parts make up the whole organism but
you cannot understand one part without also understanding another part
reductionism - Answers - theory that a large complex system such as the human body
can be understood by studying its simpler parts (first espoused by Aristotle, highly
productive approach, essential to scientific thinking)
holism - Answers - there are "emergent properties" of the whole organism that cannot
be predicted form the properties of the separate parts. (humans are more than the sum
of their parts) COMPLIMENTARY THEORY TO REDUCTIONISM
what is clinical reasoning? - Answers - process of using EVIDENCE to find the best
patient outcome. it is a cognitive process that nurses use when reviewing and analyzing
patient data to plan care and make decisions for positive patient outcomes.
why is it important to appreciate anatomical and physiological variation? - Answers - no
two humans are exactly alike 30% are anatomically variant; failure to consider variation
can lead to overmedication to elderly or medicating women on the basis of research
done on men.
typical physiological values - Answers - sex, age, weight, physical activity, diet
what are the characteristics of life? - Answers - reproduction, growth, movement,
metabolism, responsiveness, differentiation
metabolism - Answers - all chemical processes in the body
catabolism metabolism - Answers - breaking down of complex chemicals... i.e. digestion
anabolism - Answers - building complex chemicals from smaller units... i.e. amino acids
into complex proteins
responsiveness - Answers - detects and responds to change internally or externally..
hitting on the knee
,movement - Answers - whole body or structures within
growth - Answers - increase in body size and cell size
differentiation - Answers - unspecialized cells (stem cells) become specialized in
structure and function
reproduction - Answers - production of new cells in body or making a new human
what are the 5 environmental factors required to sustain life? - Answers - water, food,
oxygen, heat, pressure
water - Answers - most abundant substance in body; REQUIRED FOR METABOLIC
PROCESS; required for TRANSPORT of substances; regulates body temperature.
food - Answers - provides necessary nutrients; SUPPLIES ENERGY AND ATP
oxygen - Answers - 1/5 of air; USED TO RELEASE ENERGY FROM NUTRIENTS/. we
breathe in oxygen for metabolic reactions and makes ATP so that we can move
heat - Answers - form of energy; partly CONTROLS METABOLIC REACTIONS; used
as a catalyst to speed up the process of breaking down and building up substances. if
the body is too hot with a fever organ failure can occur because the body cannot
metabolize correctly
pressure - Answers - application of force on an object, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
important for berating; HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE important for blood flow. we are
working with chemistry and physics to breath and keep substances moving thru the
body
what is homeostasis? - Answers - the tendency for the body or cell to maintain internal
equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes (sweet spot)
what is a feedback system? - Answers - one of the most important ways of maintaining
homeostasis
positive feedback - Answers - a normal way of producing rapid change within the body.
SELF AMPLIFYING CYCLE. change produces more change. short lived (do not require
cont. adjustment) physiological change cont. until the it is interrupted by some
mechanism and homeostasis is restored (ex. child birth fever)
negative feedback - Answers - the bodes physiological state fluctuates (dynamic
equilibrium) around a set point. keeps the variable close to the set point. most common
type of feedback . CAUSES THE OPPOSITE OF BODILY DISRUPTION TO OCCUER
, what is an example of neg feedback - Answers - temperature blood pressure
receptor - Answers - monitor... measures the environment and tells the control center if
cells are displaced. (temperature, pain, pressure, visual)
control center - Answers - evaluate (Ex. brain and spinal cord)... evaluates what is going
on with the receptor and tells the effector to effect change there
effector - Answers - adjust... makes the change that the control center calls for
what is an example of a receptor? - Answers - mechanoreceptor
what is an example of an effector - Answers - glands and organs
why is anatomical terminology important? - Answers - all health care professionals must
speak the same language and all are required to be precise, lives will be in your hands.
what is the anatomical position? - Answers - standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forwards, thumbs out
supine - Answers - on back
prone - Answers - laying on stomach
what are the three main body planes - Answers - transverse, oblique, frontal
frontal/coronal plane - Answers - front and back... anterior and dorsal/posterior... body is
split into 2 nonidentical halves
transverse - Answers - top and bottom...superior and inferior... body is split into 2
nonidentical halves
oblique - Answers - a diagonal split at any angle on the body
mid sagittal - Answers - right and left identical halves
para sagittal - Answers - "para" means alongside the mid-sagittal plane. only right and
left
what is a directional plane? - Answers -
what are the directional planes? - Answers -
directional terms - Answers - describe position of one body part relative to another
superior/cranial - Answers - towards the head
what is anatomy? - Answers - science of body structures and their relationships
what is physiology? - Answers - science of body function
what are the 6 levels of organization? - Answers - chemical level, cellular level, tissue
level, organ level, system level, organism level
what is the hierarchy of complexity and why is it important? - Answers - reductionism
and holism, you must understand how the small parts make up the whole organism but
you cannot understand one part without also understanding another part
reductionism - Answers - theory that a large complex system such as the human body
can be understood by studying its simpler parts (first espoused by Aristotle, highly
productive approach, essential to scientific thinking)
holism - Answers - there are "emergent properties" of the whole organism that cannot
be predicted form the properties of the separate parts. (humans are more than the sum
of their parts) COMPLIMENTARY THEORY TO REDUCTIONISM
what is clinical reasoning? - Answers - process of using EVIDENCE to find the best
patient outcome. it is a cognitive process that nurses use when reviewing and analyzing
patient data to plan care and make decisions for positive patient outcomes.
why is it important to appreciate anatomical and physiological variation? - Answers - no
two humans are exactly alike 30% are anatomically variant; failure to consider variation
can lead to overmedication to elderly or medicating women on the basis of research
done on men.
typical physiological values - Answers - sex, age, weight, physical activity, diet
what are the characteristics of life? - Answers - reproduction, growth, movement,
metabolism, responsiveness, differentiation
metabolism - Answers - all chemical processes in the body
catabolism metabolism - Answers - breaking down of complex chemicals... i.e. digestion
anabolism - Answers - building complex chemicals from smaller units... i.e. amino acids
into complex proteins
responsiveness - Answers - detects and responds to change internally or externally..
hitting on the knee
,movement - Answers - whole body or structures within
growth - Answers - increase in body size and cell size
differentiation - Answers - unspecialized cells (stem cells) become specialized in
structure and function
reproduction - Answers - production of new cells in body or making a new human
what are the 5 environmental factors required to sustain life? - Answers - water, food,
oxygen, heat, pressure
water - Answers - most abundant substance in body; REQUIRED FOR METABOLIC
PROCESS; required for TRANSPORT of substances; regulates body temperature.
food - Answers - provides necessary nutrients; SUPPLIES ENERGY AND ATP
oxygen - Answers - 1/5 of air; USED TO RELEASE ENERGY FROM NUTRIENTS/. we
breathe in oxygen for metabolic reactions and makes ATP so that we can move
heat - Answers - form of energy; partly CONTROLS METABOLIC REACTIONS; used
as a catalyst to speed up the process of breaking down and building up substances. if
the body is too hot with a fever organ failure can occur because the body cannot
metabolize correctly
pressure - Answers - application of force on an object, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
important for berating; HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE important for blood flow. we are
working with chemistry and physics to breath and keep substances moving thru the
body
what is homeostasis? - Answers - the tendency for the body or cell to maintain internal
equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes (sweet spot)
what is a feedback system? - Answers - one of the most important ways of maintaining
homeostasis
positive feedback - Answers - a normal way of producing rapid change within the body.
SELF AMPLIFYING CYCLE. change produces more change. short lived (do not require
cont. adjustment) physiological change cont. until the it is interrupted by some
mechanism and homeostasis is restored (ex. child birth fever)
negative feedback - Answers - the bodes physiological state fluctuates (dynamic
equilibrium) around a set point. keeps the variable close to the set point. most common
type of feedback . CAUSES THE OPPOSITE OF BODILY DISRUPTION TO OCCUER
, what is an example of neg feedback - Answers - temperature blood pressure
receptor - Answers - monitor... measures the environment and tells the control center if
cells are displaced. (temperature, pain, pressure, visual)
control center - Answers - evaluate (Ex. brain and spinal cord)... evaluates what is going
on with the receptor and tells the effector to effect change there
effector - Answers - adjust... makes the change that the control center calls for
what is an example of a receptor? - Answers - mechanoreceptor
what is an example of an effector - Answers - glands and organs
why is anatomical terminology important? - Answers - all health care professionals must
speak the same language and all are required to be precise, lives will be in your hands.
what is the anatomical position? - Answers - standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forwards, thumbs out
supine - Answers - on back
prone - Answers - laying on stomach
what are the three main body planes - Answers - transverse, oblique, frontal
frontal/coronal plane - Answers - front and back... anterior and dorsal/posterior... body is
split into 2 nonidentical halves
transverse - Answers - top and bottom...superior and inferior... body is split into 2
nonidentical halves
oblique - Answers - a diagonal split at any angle on the body
mid sagittal - Answers - right and left identical halves
para sagittal - Answers - "para" means alongside the mid-sagittal plane. only right and
left
what is a directional plane? - Answers -
what are the directional planes? - Answers -
directional terms - Answers - describe position of one body part relative to another
superior/cranial - Answers - towards the head
