NR565 Midterm Exam with all Correct & 100% Verified
Answers |Actual Complete Exam |Already Graded A+
(Just Released)
Pharmacodynamics ✔Correct Answer-What the drug does to the body
-3 Mechanisms of action
• Receptor
• Enzyme
• Nonselective Interactions
Enzymes ✔Correct Answer--most frequently seen in relation to the metabolism of drugs
-act as catalysts in nearly every chemical reaction that takes place in the cells
-drugs can enhance or inhibit the catalytic actions
Nonselective interactions ✔Correct Answer--drugs chemically alter or physically interfere with
cellular structures or there processes
• ex: chemotherapy
Patient-specific plan goals ✔Correct Answer--cure
-decrease in symptoms
-stopping or slowing the disease process
-preventing disease
-improved quality of life
Types of drug therapy ✔Correct Answer--acute
• tx active disease & sustain life
-maintenance
• focus on prevention of disease progression
-supplemental
• medication required for normal body function
-palliative
• any tx program designed to provide symptomatic relief of chronic severe pain
-supportive
• maintains integrity of body functions
-prophylactic
• prevention; immunizations, pre-procedure & postexposure antibiotics
,-empiric
• clinical probability of illness that has not yet been diagnosed; administering broad spectrum
antibiotics before culture results
Idiosyncratic effects ✔Correct Answer-unexpected individual responses to medications
Tolerance ✔Correct Answer-declining response to a drug
dependence ✔Correct Answer-physiologic or psychologic need for a substance
NIH: dependence vs addiction ✔Correct Answer--drug dependence
• a person needs a drug to function normally, abruptly stopping the drug leads to withdrawal
symptoms.
-drug addiction
• the compulsive use of a substance, despite its negative or dangerous effects
drug interactions ✔Correct Answer-• drug-drug
• food-drug
• additive
• synergistic
• antagonistic
• incompatibility
grapefruit juice decreases the metabolism of a number of drugs, including: ✔Correct Answer--
buspirone
-nefedipine
-statins
what food counters the effect of warfarin ✔Correct Answer-leafy dark greens
-contain vitamin K
antacids reduce effects of some drugs: ✔Correct Answer-(antagonistic interaction)
thyroid replacement hormones
some antibiotics
antagonistic interaction ✔Correct Answer-less than the desired effect of one or both drugs
synergistic interaction ✔Correct Answer-sum total of effect greater than if they were given
alone
common synergistic interaction to control hypertension ✔Correct Answer-lisinopril + HCTZ
,8 rights of medication administration ✔Correct Answer-1. Right Patient
2. Right Medication
3. Right Dose
4. Right Route
5. Right Time
6. Right Reason
7. Right Response
8. Right Documentation
categories of adverse reactions ✔Correct Answer--pharmacologic
-allergic
-idiosyncratic
-drug interactions
adverse reactions: pharmacologic ✔Correct Answer--an extension of a drug's normal effects
• such as an antihypertensive causing hypotension
adverse reactions: allergic or hypersensitivity ✔Correct Answer--exaggerated immune
response
• ranges from mild itching to anaphylaxis
• not uncommon for 2nd or 3rd exposure to result in more extreme reaction
adverse reactions: idiosyncratic ✔Correct Answer--peculiar to the patient
• may not be listed in the drug reference
adverse reactions: drug interaction ✔Correct Answer--can be the most complex & difficult to
determine
• # of drugs available & potentially prescribed has grown significantly
teratogenic effects ✔Correct Answer--the ability to cause fetal defects if taken during
pregnancy
mutagenic effects ✔Correct Answer--ability to cause changes in genetic tissue
known carcinogens ✔Correct Answer--substances that can cause cancer
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ✔Correct Answer--reduces the risk of red cell
hemolysis through exposure to oxidizing drugs
-Deficiency of this enzyme found in approximately 100 million people
• particularly African Americans, Kurdish Jews, Sardinians
Toxicology ✔Correct Answer-Study of adverse effects of chemicals and their compounds on
living organisms and tissues
, Pharmacokinetics ✔Correct Answer-What the body does to a drug
-The study of what happens to a drug from the time of administration until the parent drug & all
metabolites leave the body.
-the rate and extent to which drugs move from the point of entry or route of administration,
gain access to the bloodstream, and are absorbed and distributed to the tissues of the body
Four phases of pharmacokinetics ✔Correct Answer-• absorption
• distribution
• metabolism
• excretion
onset of action ✔Correct Answer-how long before the medication first begins to effect the
patient
time to peak effect ✔Correct Answer-how long before the medication is at the height of its
effect
duration of action ✔Correct Answer-how long the therapeutic effect lasts
half-life ✔Correct Answer-the time required for half of a chemical to be eliminated from the
body
steady state ✔Correct Answer-the amount of drug going in is the same as the amount of drug
going out
-achieving requires between 5 & 6 half-lives
onset ✔Correct Answer-the time needed following the administration of the dose for the
action of the drug to begin
drug is usually considered effectively eliminated after about ______ half lives ✔Correct
Answer-five
peak and trough ✔Correct Answer--peak
• highest level of the drug achieved following the dose
-trough
• the level to which the drug concentration has dropped immediately prior to the next dose
duration ✔Correct Answer-length of time the drug remains active, measured from the point
the rising level crosses into the therapeutic range to where elimination takes it back below
therapeutic range
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption ✔Correct Answer--Bioavailability: the extent to which the
medication can be absorbed
Answers |Actual Complete Exam |Already Graded A+
(Just Released)
Pharmacodynamics ✔Correct Answer-What the drug does to the body
-3 Mechanisms of action
• Receptor
• Enzyme
• Nonselective Interactions
Enzymes ✔Correct Answer--most frequently seen in relation to the metabolism of drugs
-act as catalysts in nearly every chemical reaction that takes place in the cells
-drugs can enhance or inhibit the catalytic actions
Nonselective interactions ✔Correct Answer--drugs chemically alter or physically interfere with
cellular structures or there processes
• ex: chemotherapy
Patient-specific plan goals ✔Correct Answer--cure
-decrease in symptoms
-stopping or slowing the disease process
-preventing disease
-improved quality of life
Types of drug therapy ✔Correct Answer--acute
• tx active disease & sustain life
-maintenance
• focus on prevention of disease progression
-supplemental
• medication required for normal body function
-palliative
• any tx program designed to provide symptomatic relief of chronic severe pain
-supportive
• maintains integrity of body functions
-prophylactic
• prevention; immunizations, pre-procedure & postexposure antibiotics
,-empiric
• clinical probability of illness that has not yet been diagnosed; administering broad spectrum
antibiotics before culture results
Idiosyncratic effects ✔Correct Answer-unexpected individual responses to medications
Tolerance ✔Correct Answer-declining response to a drug
dependence ✔Correct Answer-physiologic or psychologic need for a substance
NIH: dependence vs addiction ✔Correct Answer--drug dependence
• a person needs a drug to function normally, abruptly stopping the drug leads to withdrawal
symptoms.
-drug addiction
• the compulsive use of a substance, despite its negative or dangerous effects
drug interactions ✔Correct Answer-• drug-drug
• food-drug
• additive
• synergistic
• antagonistic
• incompatibility
grapefruit juice decreases the metabolism of a number of drugs, including: ✔Correct Answer--
buspirone
-nefedipine
-statins
what food counters the effect of warfarin ✔Correct Answer-leafy dark greens
-contain vitamin K
antacids reduce effects of some drugs: ✔Correct Answer-(antagonistic interaction)
thyroid replacement hormones
some antibiotics
antagonistic interaction ✔Correct Answer-less than the desired effect of one or both drugs
synergistic interaction ✔Correct Answer-sum total of effect greater than if they were given
alone
common synergistic interaction to control hypertension ✔Correct Answer-lisinopril + HCTZ
,8 rights of medication administration ✔Correct Answer-1. Right Patient
2. Right Medication
3. Right Dose
4. Right Route
5. Right Time
6. Right Reason
7. Right Response
8. Right Documentation
categories of adverse reactions ✔Correct Answer--pharmacologic
-allergic
-idiosyncratic
-drug interactions
adverse reactions: pharmacologic ✔Correct Answer--an extension of a drug's normal effects
• such as an antihypertensive causing hypotension
adverse reactions: allergic or hypersensitivity ✔Correct Answer--exaggerated immune
response
• ranges from mild itching to anaphylaxis
• not uncommon for 2nd or 3rd exposure to result in more extreme reaction
adverse reactions: idiosyncratic ✔Correct Answer--peculiar to the patient
• may not be listed in the drug reference
adverse reactions: drug interaction ✔Correct Answer--can be the most complex & difficult to
determine
• # of drugs available & potentially prescribed has grown significantly
teratogenic effects ✔Correct Answer--the ability to cause fetal defects if taken during
pregnancy
mutagenic effects ✔Correct Answer--ability to cause changes in genetic tissue
known carcinogens ✔Correct Answer--substances that can cause cancer
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ✔Correct Answer--reduces the risk of red cell
hemolysis through exposure to oxidizing drugs
-Deficiency of this enzyme found in approximately 100 million people
• particularly African Americans, Kurdish Jews, Sardinians
Toxicology ✔Correct Answer-Study of adverse effects of chemicals and their compounds on
living organisms and tissues
, Pharmacokinetics ✔Correct Answer-What the body does to a drug
-The study of what happens to a drug from the time of administration until the parent drug & all
metabolites leave the body.
-the rate and extent to which drugs move from the point of entry or route of administration,
gain access to the bloodstream, and are absorbed and distributed to the tissues of the body
Four phases of pharmacokinetics ✔Correct Answer-• absorption
• distribution
• metabolism
• excretion
onset of action ✔Correct Answer-how long before the medication first begins to effect the
patient
time to peak effect ✔Correct Answer-how long before the medication is at the height of its
effect
duration of action ✔Correct Answer-how long the therapeutic effect lasts
half-life ✔Correct Answer-the time required for half of a chemical to be eliminated from the
body
steady state ✔Correct Answer-the amount of drug going in is the same as the amount of drug
going out
-achieving requires between 5 & 6 half-lives
onset ✔Correct Answer-the time needed following the administration of the dose for the
action of the drug to begin
drug is usually considered effectively eliminated after about ______ half lives ✔Correct
Answer-five
peak and trough ✔Correct Answer--peak
• highest level of the drug achieved following the dose
-trough
• the level to which the drug concentration has dropped immediately prior to the next dose
duration ✔Correct Answer-length of time the drug remains active, measured from the point
the rising level crosses into the therapeutic range to where elimination takes it back below
therapeutic range
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption ✔Correct Answer--Bioavailability: the extent to which the
medication can be absorbed
