ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: EXAM 1 |NEW AND
UPDATED 2026 |WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS!!!
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Risk
Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of
encountering a stressor
Prevalence
A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of
having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total
number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is
the total number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by
the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence
A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of
being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore,
,incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An
incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the
number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Ratio
The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of
times one value contains or is contained within the other.
Primary Prevention
Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Secondary Prevention
Early detection, screening, and management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention
Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring
effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
,Epidemiology
study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the
occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of
diseases in large groups of populations/people
Endemic
A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic
When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic
Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading
worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
Chapter 6: Genetic and Developmental Disorders
Chromosomal Disorders
Usually due to breakage and loss or rearrangement of chromosome pieces
during meiosis or mitosis
Meiosis
Crossing over errors: chromosome portions lost, attached upside-down, or
attached to wrong chromosome
Mitosis
Opportunities for chromosomal breakage & rearrangement
, Generally due to an abnormal number of chromosomes and/or alterations
to the structure of one or more chromosomes
Usually a result of separation during meiosis
Monosomy
Daughter cell with a deficiency of 1 chromosome
Usually not compatible with life
Polysomy
Daughter cell with too may chromosomes
May result in viable detus
Nearly always associated with severe disability
Those involving extra/missing sex chromosome not as debillitating
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
Extra copy of 21st chromosome that occurs almost 12 times per 10,000
live births
Most common chromosomal disorder
Leading cause of mental retardation
Protruding tongue, low-set ears, epicanthal folds, poor muscle tone, short
stature; congenital heart deformities, increased susceptibility to
respiratory infections, leukemia
Clearly associated with advanced maternal age
Cri du Chate Syndrome
Deletion of short arm of chromosome 5
Severe mental retardation, round face, congenital heart anomalies
UPDATED 2026 |WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS!!!
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Risk
Factor that when present increases the chance of disease
Not stressors, but conditions or situations that increase the likelihood of
encountering a stressor
Prevalence
A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of
having a disease. Therefore, the number of prevalent cases is the total
number of cases of disease existing in a population. A prevalence rate is
the total number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by
the total population
Indicates how widespread the disease is
Incidence
A measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's probability of
being diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. Therefore,
,incidence is the number of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An
incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the
number of persons at risk for the disease.
Conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease.
Ratio
The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of
times one value contains or is contained within the other.
Primary Prevention
Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons
*Both illness and disease are absent
example: vaccinations, healthy lifestyles
Secondary Prevention
Early detection, screening, and management of disease
*Illness absent, disease present
example: screenings and testings
Tertiary Prevention
Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring
effective functioning
*Both illness and disease present
example: education
,Epidemiology
study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the
occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of
diseases in large groups of populations/people
Endemic
A disease theat is native to a local region
Epidemic
When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time
(spread to many people at the same time)
Pandemic
Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading
worldwide.
(spread to large geographic areas)
Chapter 6: Genetic and Developmental Disorders
Chromosomal Disorders
Usually due to breakage and loss or rearrangement of chromosome pieces
during meiosis or mitosis
Meiosis
Crossing over errors: chromosome portions lost, attached upside-down, or
attached to wrong chromosome
Mitosis
Opportunities for chromosomal breakage & rearrangement
, Generally due to an abnormal number of chromosomes and/or alterations
to the structure of one or more chromosomes
Usually a result of separation during meiosis
Monosomy
Daughter cell with a deficiency of 1 chromosome
Usually not compatible with life
Polysomy
Daughter cell with too may chromosomes
May result in viable detus
Nearly always associated with severe disability
Those involving extra/missing sex chromosome not as debillitating
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
Extra copy of 21st chromosome that occurs almost 12 times per 10,000
live births
Most common chromosomal disorder
Leading cause of mental retardation
Protruding tongue, low-set ears, epicanthal folds, poor muscle tone, short
stature; congenital heart deformities, increased susceptibility to
respiratory infections, leukemia
Clearly associated with advanced maternal age
Cri du Chate Syndrome
Deletion of short arm of chromosome 5
Severe mental retardation, round face, congenital heart anomalies
