Classification of Economies: 4A.1A
Clark-Fisher Model
o Pre-industrial –
majority of the
population works in the
primary sector with only
a small percentage
employed in the
secondary sector
o Industrial – declines
due to mechanisation
and more land is used
for manufacturing
o Post-industrial – outsourcing decreases the amount of secondary
employment and a higher incomes and demand for consumerism
boosts the tertiary and quaternary
,Variations in Economic Activity and its Social Impact: 4A.1B
Economic activity in unsuccessful places:
- Large amounts of economically inactive people – retired, long-term
unemployed.
- Temporary, part-time or ‘zero hour’ contracts
- Rural areas can have seasonal work
- Areas with a high number of self-employed residents who identify
gaps in the market and meet the needs of the local area, can have a
greater sense of community
How are economic and social factors linked?
Life 90 in Leicester Square in comparison to 78 in Canada
Expectancy Water
People have greater wealth to access healthcare,
organic produce
These areas attract highly skilled doctors
Long-term Greater amounts in areas such as Liverpool than in
Illness the south
This keeps people out of employment, increasing
poverty
Occupation High life expectancy for managerial and professional
jobs (85.2 for women) and much lower for routine
workers (80.8)
Education Those with greater exam results and education
attend university which enables them to obtain
higher paying jobs
Percentage of students obtaining A/A* grades:
- London (25.3%)
- North East (17.6%)
Health and As level of deprivation increases, the amount of
Deprivation people with good health decreases too
This is because these areas have lower tax
contributions and residents cannot afford healthy
lifestyles
Wealth Mean weekly income in London is (£703.50)
compared to (£438.50) in Wales
Greater availability of tertiary and quaternary
employment in the south
Attracts more highly skilled and educated workers
More costly lifestyles
, Inequalities in Pay and Employment Types: 4.1C
IMD
Areas ranked more highly on the ‘Index of Multiple Deprivation’ are
areas of lower paying economic sectors.
Residents here have less disposable income, and therefore cannot
afford the same lifestyle as these in less deprived areas.
There are higher crime rates from greater poverty levels and there’s
less investment into the local area from lower tax contribution.
Changing Areas: 4A.2A
Changing Function of an Area
Accessibility, connections, and government policies can change the
place’s function.
One of these functions may dominate a place, but there is more likely to
be a combination of them all. This can change over time according to
economic needs.
Administrat Places that make decisions about how to organise
ive infrastructure and economic activity for the
surrounding areas
Tend to be urban regions that influence rural ones
surrounding them
Commercial Location with strong business influence – TNCs may
have bases there
There is a large volume of small and large-scale
businesses
Retail An urban area with attractive retail facilities
The retail industry is the main source of income and
employment for locals
Industrial A location whose economy and reputation is
predominantly based on its industrial capacity.
Changing Demographic of an Area
Places experiencing economic growth will more likely attract young
people and become more ethnically diverse
The ethnic composition of a place is likely to change over time with
migration patterns
Gentrificatio Change in social structure of a place when affluent
n people move into a location
Leads to an increase in property values, often
Clark-Fisher Model
o Pre-industrial –
majority of the
population works in the
primary sector with only
a small percentage
employed in the
secondary sector
o Industrial – declines
due to mechanisation
and more land is used
for manufacturing
o Post-industrial – outsourcing decreases the amount of secondary
employment and a higher incomes and demand for consumerism
boosts the tertiary and quaternary
,Variations in Economic Activity and its Social Impact: 4A.1B
Economic activity in unsuccessful places:
- Large amounts of economically inactive people – retired, long-term
unemployed.
- Temporary, part-time or ‘zero hour’ contracts
- Rural areas can have seasonal work
- Areas with a high number of self-employed residents who identify
gaps in the market and meet the needs of the local area, can have a
greater sense of community
How are economic and social factors linked?
Life 90 in Leicester Square in comparison to 78 in Canada
Expectancy Water
People have greater wealth to access healthcare,
organic produce
These areas attract highly skilled doctors
Long-term Greater amounts in areas such as Liverpool than in
Illness the south
This keeps people out of employment, increasing
poverty
Occupation High life expectancy for managerial and professional
jobs (85.2 for women) and much lower for routine
workers (80.8)
Education Those with greater exam results and education
attend university which enables them to obtain
higher paying jobs
Percentage of students obtaining A/A* grades:
- London (25.3%)
- North East (17.6%)
Health and As level of deprivation increases, the amount of
Deprivation people with good health decreases too
This is because these areas have lower tax
contributions and residents cannot afford healthy
lifestyles
Wealth Mean weekly income in London is (£703.50)
compared to (£438.50) in Wales
Greater availability of tertiary and quaternary
employment in the south
Attracts more highly skilled and educated workers
More costly lifestyles
, Inequalities in Pay and Employment Types: 4.1C
IMD
Areas ranked more highly on the ‘Index of Multiple Deprivation’ are
areas of lower paying economic sectors.
Residents here have less disposable income, and therefore cannot
afford the same lifestyle as these in less deprived areas.
There are higher crime rates from greater poverty levels and there’s
less investment into the local area from lower tax contribution.
Changing Areas: 4A.2A
Changing Function of an Area
Accessibility, connections, and government policies can change the
place’s function.
One of these functions may dominate a place, but there is more likely to
be a combination of them all. This can change over time according to
economic needs.
Administrat Places that make decisions about how to organise
ive infrastructure and economic activity for the
surrounding areas
Tend to be urban regions that influence rural ones
surrounding them
Commercial Location with strong business influence – TNCs may
have bases there
There is a large volume of small and large-scale
businesses
Retail An urban area with attractive retail facilities
The retail industry is the main source of income and
employment for locals
Industrial A location whose economy and reputation is
predominantly based on its industrial capacity.
Changing Demographic of an Area
Places experiencing economic growth will more likely attract young
people and become more ethnically diverse
The ethnic composition of a place is likely to change over time with
migration patterns
Gentrificatio Change in social structure of a place when affluent
n people move into a location
Leads to an increase in property values, often
