NUR 5461 EXAM 6 – ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | William Paterson University | 200 Verified Questions & Answers with Detailed Rationales | NGN-Style Case Scenarios | 2026/2027 Edition | 100% Pass Guarantee

,NUR 5461 EXAM 6 – ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

William Paterson University | Complete 200-Question
Test Bank | NGN-Style Questions & Case Scenarios |
2026/2027 Edition | 100% Pass Guarantee



EXAM 6 – ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Topic Area Questio

Cellular Adaptation, Injury & Death 1–20

Inflammation & Tissue Repair 21–35

Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Imbalances 36–50

Genetics & Genetic Disorders 51–60

Immunology & Immune Disorders 61–75

Cardiovascular Pathophysiology 76–95

Respiratory Pathophysiology 96–115

Renal & Urinary Pathophysiology 116–130

Endocrine & Metabolic Pathophysiology 131–150

Neurological Pathophysiology 151–170

Gastrointestinal & Hepatic Pathophysiology 171–185

,Topic Area Questio

Hematologic Pathophysiology 186–195

NGN Case Scenarios (Integrated Clinical Judgment) 196–200




SECTION 1: CELLULAR ADAPTATION, INJURY & DEATH (Questions 1–20)




1. A 65-year-old male smoker presents with a chronic cough and weight loss. A
biopsy of a lung lesion reveals cells with enlarged, hyperchromatic nuclei and
abnormal mitotic figures. This cellular change is best described as:
A) Metaplasia
B) Dysplasia
C) Anaplasia
D) Hyperplasia

Answer: C) Anaplasia
Rationale: Anaplasia refers to the loss of differentiation and cellular atypia
characteristic of malignant neoplasms. Features include enlarged, hyperchromatic
nuclei, abnormal mitotic figures, and loss of normal tissue architecture. Dysplasia
(B) is disordered growth with some atypia but not full malignancy. Metaplasia (A)
is a reversible change where one cell type replaces another. Hyperplasia (D) is an
increase in the number of cells.

, 2. A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) undergoes an
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upper endoscopy. The pathologist notes that the normal squamous epithelium of
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the lower esophagus has been replaced by columnar epithelium resembling that of
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the stomach. This change is best described as:
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A) Dysplasia
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B) Hyperplasia
k




C) Metaplasia
k




D) Anaplasia
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Answer: C) Metaplasia k k




Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced
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by another cell type, often in response to chronic irritation. Barrett's esophagus
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(columnar metaplasia) is a classic example. Dysplasia (A) is disordered growth;
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hyperplasia (B) is increased cell number; anaplasia (D) is malignant change.
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3. A researcher is studying the sequence of events in ischemic cell injury. Which of
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the following occurs FIRST when a cell becomes ischemic?
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A) Decreased intracellular pH
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B) Influx of calcium into the cell
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C) Decreased ATP production
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D) Release of lysosomal enzymes
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Answer: C) Decreased ATP production
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Rationale: Ischemia reduces oxygen delivery, leading to decreased oxidative
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phosphorylation and ATP production. This is the initial event. Decreased ATP leads
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to failure of the sodium-potassium pump, intracellular sodium accumulation,
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calcium influx (B), decreased pH (A), and ultimately lysosomal enzyme release (D).
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