PHI 105 CRITICAL THINKING EXAM 1_196
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Group of statements, one of which is designated as the conclusion - CORRECT
ANSWER Argument
An argument whose premises logically entail its conclusion; A valid argument can
have a true conclusion and false premises but if an argument does not have all
true premises, then it is not sound - CORRECT ANSWER Valid argument
Has true premises and valid reasoning - CORRECT ANSWER Sound argument
The "gut" feeling of what is right or wrong - CORRECT ANSWER Intuition
Belief held because other people believe it - CORRECT ANSWER Dogma
A fallacy in which the premises include the claim that the conclusion is true or
assumes that the conclusion is true - CORRECT ANSWER Beg the question
To say what all "x" things have in common, by virtue of which they count as an "x"
thing - CORRECT ANSWER "Essence" in Socrates sense
Meta-ethical theory which proposes that an action's status as morally good is
equivalent to whether it is commanded by God. The theory asserts that what is
moral is determined by what God commands, and that to be moral is to follow his
commands - CORRECT ANSWER Divine Command theory
,If X, then Y, meaning Y is a necessary condition for X. - CORRECT ANSWER "A
necessary condition for X"
If X, then Y, meaning that if X happens, that is enough to guarantee that Y will
obtain as well. So, sufficient means enough for - CORRECT ANSWER "A sufficient
condition for X"
Good for its own sake, not what it gets you (a way of being pleased) - CORRECT
ANSWER Intrinsic value
Good for the sake of what (pleasurable things) it gets you - CORRECT ANSWER
Instrumental value
Doing nothing but unjust things, but maintaining the reputation for justice -
CORRECT ANSWER Perfectly unjust person
Doing nothing but just things, but lacking the reputation for justice - CORRECT
ANSWER Perfectly just person
Moral facts are real features of the world, and are independent of our thoughts
about them (one correct answer to "is x good?") - CORRECT ANSWER Objectivism
What counts as being good depends on the person making the moral judgement
("x is good" means "I approve of x") - CORRECT ANSWER Subjectivism
, The idea that there is nothing there, no moral features of the universe. Also
believes that moralism doesn't exist. - CORRECT ANSWER Nihilism
Nihilism is true and we have good, practical reasons for acting as if morality exists
- CORRECT ANSWER Moral fictionalism
Most popular form of relativism; Morality is relativized to a group of people (and
places) based on culture - CORRECT ANSWER Cultural relativism
The expressivism view that identifies the meaning of moral chains with
expressions of feeling without reporting any fact about what you're feeling -
CORRECT ANSWER Emotivism
Goodness is to be identified with an imperative (a moral principle). 'x is good'
means "do x!" - CORRECT ANSWER Moral principlism
if and only if:
- if the premises are true then the conclusion must
be true also
- or there's no way of making the premises true and
the conclusion false
- or the argument is such that accepting the premises
rationally obligates you to accept the conclusion - CORRECT ANSWER Valid
if and only if:
- the argument is valid
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Group of statements, one of which is designated as the conclusion - CORRECT
ANSWER Argument
An argument whose premises logically entail its conclusion; A valid argument can
have a true conclusion and false premises but if an argument does not have all
true premises, then it is not sound - CORRECT ANSWER Valid argument
Has true premises and valid reasoning - CORRECT ANSWER Sound argument
The "gut" feeling of what is right or wrong - CORRECT ANSWER Intuition
Belief held because other people believe it - CORRECT ANSWER Dogma
A fallacy in which the premises include the claim that the conclusion is true or
assumes that the conclusion is true - CORRECT ANSWER Beg the question
To say what all "x" things have in common, by virtue of which they count as an "x"
thing - CORRECT ANSWER "Essence" in Socrates sense
Meta-ethical theory which proposes that an action's status as morally good is
equivalent to whether it is commanded by God. The theory asserts that what is
moral is determined by what God commands, and that to be moral is to follow his
commands - CORRECT ANSWER Divine Command theory
,If X, then Y, meaning Y is a necessary condition for X. - CORRECT ANSWER "A
necessary condition for X"
If X, then Y, meaning that if X happens, that is enough to guarantee that Y will
obtain as well. So, sufficient means enough for - CORRECT ANSWER "A sufficient
condition for X"
Good for its own sake, not what it gets you (a way of being pleased) - CORRECT
ANSWER Intrinsic value
Good for the sake of what (pleasurable things) it gets you - CORRECT ANSWER
Instrumental value
Doing nothing but unjust things, but maintaining the reputation for justice -
CORRECT ANSWER Perfectly unjust person
Doing nothing but just things, but lacking the reputation for justice - CORRECT
ANSWER Perfectly just person
Moral facts are real features of the world, and are independent of our thoughts
about them (one correct answer to "is x good?") - CORRECT ANSWER Objectivism
What counts as being good depends on the person making the moral judgement
("x is good" means "I approve of x") - CORRECT ANSWER Subjectivism
, The idea that there is nothing there, no moral features of the universe. Also
believes that moralism doesn't exist. - CORRECT ANSWER Nihilism
Nihilism is true and we have good, practical reasons for acting as if morality exists
- CORRECT ANSWER Moral fictionalism
Most popular form of relativism; Morality is relativized to a group of people (and
places) based on culture - CORRECT ANSWER Cultural relativism
The expressivism view that identifies the meaning of moral chains with
expressions of feeling without reporting any fact about what you're feeling -
CORRECT ANSWER Emotivism
Goodness is to be identified with an imperative (a moral principle). 'x is good'
means "do x!" - CORRECT ANSWER Moral principlism
if and only if:
- if the premises are true then the conclusion must
be true also
- or there's no way of making the premises true and
the conclusion false
- or the argument is such that accepting the premises
rationally obligates you to accept the conclusion - CORRECT ANSWER Valid
if and only if:
- the argument is valid
