NR565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS EXAM NEWEST 2025
COMPLETE 250+ QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND NEW VERSION!!
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution - DETAILED ANSWER-Blood flow to tissues
Ability to exit the vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding capacity
Xenobiotics - DETAILED ANSWER-substances that are foreign to the body, usually synthetic chemical
compounds; medications are a common example
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - DETAILED ANSWER-xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes necessary for the
production of cholesterol and steroids and the detoxification of chemicals and drug metabolism.
Function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - DETAILED ANSWER-responsible for phase 1 metabolism in
which drugs are oxidized, reduced, or hydrolyzed
Phase 1 Metabolism of Drugs via P450 - DETAILED ANSWER-Oxidation; Reduction; Hydrolysis
Three possible outcomes of phase 1 drug metabolism. - DETAILED ANSWER--Drug becomes completely
inactive
-Drug becomes partially inactive but one or more metabolites remain active
-Original drug is not pharmacologically active but one metabolite remains active
,CYP450 Inducers - DETAILED ANSWER-Medications that can increase the rate of another drug's
metabolism by elevating CYP450 enzyme activity via increasing enzyme synthesis. decreasing the
concentration of the "parent drug"
CYP450 Inducer Medications - DETAILED ANSWER-CRAPGPS
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
CYP450 Inhibitors - DETAILED ANSWER-Medications that inhibit the metabolic activity of one or more of
the CYP450 enzymes. Higher risk for toxicity; prolongs the pharmacological effect of the "parent drug".
Pharmacokinetics - DETAILED ANSWER-The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within
the body, metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacodynamics - DETAILED ANSWER-The study of what the drug does to the body
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption - DETAILED ANSWER-Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility pH
partitioning
CYP450 Inhibitor Medications - DETAILED ANSWER-VISACKGQ
Valproate
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
,Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Ketoconazole
Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
Beers Criteria - DETAILED ANSWER--potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults
-potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults due to medication-disease or
medicationsyndrome interactions that may exacerbate the disease or syndrome
-medications to be used cautiously in older adults
-clinically significant drug interactions that should be avoided in older adults
-medications to be avoided or dosage decreased in the presence of impaired kidney function in older
adults
Pharmacokinetic Interactions - DETAILED ANSWER-when one medication systemically alters the
potency of another medication.
Absorption Interaction - DETAILED ANSWER-result of a change due to one medication's effect on
another medication's route of entry into the body.
Distribution Interaction - DETAILED ANSWER-caused by the amount of unbound/free medications
available at the various target sites.
Metabolism Interaction - DETAILED ANSWER-concentration of the medication after biotransformation
into active and inactive metabolites in higher or lower than expected.
Elimination Interaction - DETAILED ANSWER-the body's ability to eliminate medications in pure form or
by altering a metabolite from the body.
Pharmacodynamic Interactions - DETAILED ANSWER-does not alter or impact absorption, distribution,
metabolism, or elimination because of the one medication's ability to manipulate the effect of another
medication at its site of action
Practice Authority - DETAILED ANSWER-refers to the nurse practitioner's ability to practice without
physician oversight
, prescriptive authority - DETAILED ANSWER-refers to the nurse practitioner's authority to prescribe
medications.
Full-practice scope - DETAILED ANSWER-Nurse practitioners have the autonomy to evaluate patients,
diagnose, order and interpret tests, initiate and manage treatments and prescribe medications, including
controlled substances without physician oversight.
Reduced-practice scope - DETAILED ANSWER-Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of
practice. The state requires a formal collaborative agreement with an outside health discipline for the
nurse practitioner to provide patient care.
Restricted practice scope - DETAILED ANSWER-Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of
practice by requiring supervision, delegation, or team management by an outside health discipline for the
nurse practitioner to provide patient care.
Drugs that cannot be ordered via E-Script - DETAILED ANSWER-DEA Scheduled Drugs
Drugs that cannot be prescribed or refilled via phone - DETAILED ANSWER-Schedule II drugs
Acute Pain - DETAILED ANSWER-An occurrence of fewer than three months and is often precipitated by
trauma and acute medical conditions or treatment.
Types of Acute Pain - DETAILED ANSWER-Referred Pain
Acute Somatic Pain
Acute visceral pain
Chronic pain - DETAILED ANSWER-episode of pain that lasts for 6 months or longer; may be intermittent
or continuous
Referred Pain - DETAILED ANSWER-pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates
Acute Somatic Pain - DETAILED ANSWER--Arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone and skin.
-Sharp and localized or dull and non-localized
-Responds best to: acetaminophen, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, opiates, local anesthetics, ice, massage
COMPLETE 250+ QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND NEW VERSION!!
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution - DETAILED ANSWER-Blood flow to tissues
Ability to exit the vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding capacity
Xenobiotics - DETAILED ANSWER-substances that are foreign to the body, usually synthetic chemical
compounds; medications are a common example
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - DETAILED ANSWER-xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes necessary for the
production of cholesterol and steroids and the detoxification of chemicals and drug metabolism.
Function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - DETAILED ANSWER-responsible for phase 1 metabolism in
which drugs are oxidized, reduced, or hydrolyzed
Phase 1 Metabolism of Drugs via P450 - DETAILED ANSWER-Oxidation; Reduction; Hydrolysis
Three possible outcomes of phase 1 drug metabolism. - DETAILED ANSWER--Drug becomes completely
inactive
-Drug becomes partially inactive but one or more metabolites remain active
-Original drug is not pharmacologically active but one metabolite remains active
,CYP450 Inducers - DETAILED ANSWER-Medications that can increase the rate of another drug's
metabolism by elevating CYP450 enzyme activity via increasing enzyme synthesis. decreasing the
concentration of the "parent drug"
CYP450 Inducer Medications - DETAILED ANSWER-CRAPGPS
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
CYP450 Inhibitors - DETAILED ANSWER-Medications that inhibit the metabolic activity of one or more of
the CYP450 enzymes. Higher risk for toxicity; prolongs the pharmacological effect of the "parent drug".
Pharmacokinetics - DETAILED ANSWER-The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within
the body, metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacodynamics - DETAILED ANSWER-The study of what the drug does to the body
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption - DETAILED ANSWER-Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility pH
partitioning
CYP450 Inhibitor Medications - DETAILED ANSWER-VISACKGQ
Valproate
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
,Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Ketoconazole
Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
Beers Criteria - DETAILED ANSWER--potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults
-potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults due to medication-disease or
medicationsyndrome interactions that may exacerbate the disease or syndrome
-medications to be used cautiously in older adults
-clinically significant drug interactions that should be avoided in older adults
-medications to be avoided or dosage decreased in the presence of impaired kidney function in older
adults
Pharmacokinetic Interactions - DETAILED ANSWER-when one medication systemically alters the
potency of another medication.
Absorption Interaction - DETAILED ANSWER-result of a change due to one medication's effect on
another medication's route of entry into the body.
Distribution Interaction - DETAILED ANSWER-caused by the amount of unbound/free medications
available at the various target sites.
Metabolism Interaction - DETAILED ANSWER-concentration of the medication after biotransformation
into active and inactive metabolites in higher or lower than expected.
Elimination Interaction - DETAILED ANSWER-the body's ability to eliminate medications in pure form or
by altering a metabolite from the body.
Pharmacodynamic Interactions - DETAILED ANSWER-does not alter or impact absorption, distribution,
metabolism, or elimination because of the one medication's ability to manipulate the effect of another
medication at its site of action
Practice Authority - DETAILED ANSWER-refers to the nurse practitioner's ability to practice without
physician oversight
, prescriptive authority - DETAILED ANSWER-refers to the nurse practitioner's authority to prescribe
medications.
Full-practice scope - DETAILED ANSWER-Nurse practitioners have the autonomy to evaluate patients,
diagnose, order and interpret tests, initiate and manage treatments and prescribe medications, including
controlled substances without physician oversight.
Reduced-practice scope - DETAILED ANSWER-Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of
practice. The state requires a formal collaborative agreement with an outside health discipline for the
nurse practitioner to provide patient care.
Restricted practice scope - DETAILED ANSWER-Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of
practice by requiring supervision, delegation, or team management by an outside health discipline for the
nurse practitioner to provide patient care.
Drugs that cannot be ordered via E-Script - DETAILED ANSWER-DEA Scheduled Drugs
Drugs that cannot be prescribed or refilled via phone - DETAILED ANSWER-Schedule II drugs
Acute Pain - DETAILED ANSWER-An occurrence of fewer than three months and is often precipitated by
trauma and acute medical conditions or treatment.
Types of Acute Pain - DETAILED ANSWER-Referred Pain
Acute Somatic Pain
Acute visceral pain
Chronic pain - DETAILED ANSWER-episode of pain that lasts for 6 months or longer; may be intermittent
or continuous
Referred Pain - DETAILED ANSWER-pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates
Acute Somatic Pain - DETAILED ANSWER--Arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone and skin.
-Sharp and localized or dull and non-localized
-Responds best to: acetaminophen, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, opiates, local anesthetics, ice, massage
