QUESTION 1
1.1.
1.1.1. P → Q, Q → R, ¬R Conclusion: ¬P
Valid arguments
P Q R P→Q Q→R ¬R ¬P
T T T T T F F
T T F T F T F
T F T F T F F
T F F F T T F
F T T T T F T
F T F T F T T
F F T T T F T
F F F T T T T
Hence the conclusion ¬P is valid because whenever all premises are true the
conclusion is also true.