GTC BIO 2114 FINAL REVIEW PART 2 | ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Pulmonary Ventilation - ANS ✔✔Mechanics of breathing in and out
Inspiration and Expiration
External Respiration - ANS ✔✔Exchange of gases between the alveoli and the capillaries of the
lungs
What is happening in external expiration - ANS ✔✔CO2 moves out of blood O2 moves into
blood
Internal Respiration - ANS ✔✔Exchange of gases btwn capillaries and tissue
What is happening in internal respiration - ANS ✔✔CO2 moves into blood from tissues
O2 moves out of blood into tissues
Pneumothorax - ANS ✔✔Loss of negative pressure btwn the pleura due to air entering pleural
cavity
Leads to actelecstasis: collapse or partial collapse of the lung
Passageway of air - ANS ✔✔external nare - nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx -trachea - primary
bronch- secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - bronchiole - alveolus
Significance of the Epiglottis - ANS ✔✔Made of elastic cartilage
Opens when we breathe
Closes when we swallow
,Bronchioles - ANS ✔✔Epithelium transitions from pseudostratified to simple columnar to
simple cuboidal
Surrounded by a layer of
Significance of the bronchioles - ANS ✔✔Encircled by a layer of smooth muscle that is
innervated by the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic NS: dilates bronchioles
Parasympathetic NS: constricts bronchioles
Controls resistance of airflow and the distribution of air in the lungs
Significance of the cartilage rings of the trachea - ANS ✔✔Made of hyaline cartilage
1.) allows the esophogus to expand anteriorly
2.) give support to the trachea
Significance of the ciliated epithelium of the trachea - ANS ✔✔Cilia beats towards the mouth
(mucociliary escalator) move debris toward the pharynx
Alveolus - ANS ✔✔Made of simple squamous epithelium (air sac)
Respiratory zone: only place that air is exchanged
Septal cell - ANS ✔✔Type II alveolar cell that secretes an oily secretion (surfactant) that works
to reduce the surface tension in the alveolus and keep the alveoli from collapsing
Respiratory membrane: histological layes oxygen must pass in order to enter the blood - ANS
✔✔a.) simple squamous epithelium of alveolus (type I cells)
, b.) fused basement membrane of the alveolus and the capillary
c.) simple squamous epithelium of capillay (endothelium)
Characteristics of O2 and CO2 - ANS ✔✔Nonpolar (fat-soluble) therefore can easily move across
cell membrane through diffusion
Inspiration - ANS ✔✔Inhalation (active process)
diaphragm contract, external intercoastals expand ribcage
Lung volume increase, pressure decrease= air flows into lungs
What nerve is involved - ANS ✔✔Phrenic nerve
Where in the brain is the breathing center located - ANS ✔✔Brainstem: medulla oblongata and
pons
What chemical is it sensitive to - ANS ✔✔CO2
Expiration - ANS ✔✔Exhalation
diaphragm and external intercoastal relax
internal intercoastal contract
Lung volume decrease, pressure increases = air forced out
Two ways oxygen are transported in the blood - ANS ✔✔97% is attached to the iron on the
heme of hemoglobin
1 hemoglobin can carry up to 4 oxygen
AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Pulmonary Ventilation - ANS ✔✔Mechanics of breathing in and out
Inspiration and Expiration
External Respiration - ANS ✔✔Exchange of gases between the alveoli and the capillaries of the
lungs
What is happening in external expiration - ANS ✔✔CO2 moves out of blood O2 moves into
blood
Internal Respiration - ANS ✔✔Exchange of gases btwn capillaries and tissue
What is happening in internal respiration - ANS ✔✔CO2 moves into blood from tissues
O2 moves out of blood into tissues
Pneumothorax - ANS ✔✔Loss of negative pressure btwn the pleura due to air entering pleural
cavity
Leads to actelecstasis: collapse or partial collapse of the lung
Passageway of air - ANS ✔✔external nare - nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx -trachea - primary
bronch- secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - bronchiole - alveolus
Significance of the Epiglottis - ANS ✔✔Made of elastic cartilage
Opens when we breathe
Closes when we swallow
,Bronchioles - ANS ✔✔Epithelium transitions from pseudostratified to simple columnar to
simple cuboidal
Surrounded by a layer of
Significance of the bronchioles - ANS ✔✔Encircled by a layer of smooth muscle that is
innervated by the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic NS: dilates bronchioles
Parasympathetic NS: constricts bronchioles
Controls resistance of airflow and the distribution of air in the lungs
Significance of the cartilage rings of the trachea - ANS ✔✔Made of hyaline cartilage
1.) allows the esophogus to expand anteriorly
2.) give support to the trachea
Significance of the ciliated epithelium of the trachea - ANS ✔✔Cilia beats towards the mouth
(mucociliary escalator) move debris toward the pharynx
Alveolus - ANS ✔✔Made of simple squamous epithelium (air sac)
Respiratory zone: only place that air is exchanged
Septal cell - ANS ✔✔Type II alveolar cell that secretes an oily secretion (surfactant) that works
to reduce the surface tension in the alveolus and keep the alveoli from collapsing
Respiratory membrane: histological layes oxygen must pass in order to enter the blood - ANS
✔✔a.) simple squamous epithelium of alveolus (type I cells)
, b.) fused basement membrane of the alveolus and the capillary
c.) simple squamous epithelium of capillay (endothelium)
Characteristics of O2 and CO2 - ANS ✔✔Nonpolar (fat-soluble) therefore can easily move across
cell membrane through diffusion
Inspiration - ANS ✔✔Inhalation (active process)
diaphragm contract, external intercoastals expand ribcage
Lung volume increase, pressure decrease= air flows into lungs
What nerve is involved - ANS ✔✔Phrenic nerve
Where in the brain is the breathing center located - ANS ✔✔Brainstem: medulla oblongata and
pons
What chemical is it sensitive to - ANS ✔✔CO2
Expiration - ANS ✔✔Exhalation
diaphragm and external intercoastal relax
internal intercoastal contract
Lung volume decrease, pressure increases = air forced out
Two ways oxygen are transported in the blood - ANS ✔✔97% is attached to the iron on the
heme of hemoglobin
1 hemoglobin can carry up to 4 oxygen
