LRA 225 CERTIFICATION EVALUATION
FULL QUESTION SET AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS
●● What did Colorado attempt to do in 303 Creative? ::: Compel speech
through anti-discrimination law
Answer:
●● What type of speech was involved in 303 Creative? ::: Custom,
expressive speech
Answer:
●● What level of scrutiny applied? ::: Strict scrutiny
Answer:
●● What is compelled speech? ::: Government forcing someone to
express a message
Answer:
●● Key holding of 303 Creative? ::: State cannot compel speech
violating beliefs
Answer:
,●● What case precedent supports compelled speech doctrine? ::: West
Virginia v. Barnette
Answer:
●● What is the "marketplace of ideas" principle? ::: Government cannot
restrict viewpoints
Answer:
●● Did the designer refuse customers or messages? ::: Messages
Answer:
●● Why is that distinction important? ::: Message vs status
discrimination
Answer:
●● What statute was interpreted in Bostock? ::: Title VII of Civil Rights
Act
Answer:
●● What does Title VII prohibit? ::: Discrimination "because of sex"
Answer:
●● What test did the Court use? ::: But-for causation
,Answer:
●● What is but-for causation? ::: Outcome would change if factor
removed
Answer:
●● What did the Court hold about LGBTQ+ discrimination? ::: It is sex
discrimination
Answer:
●● Why is firing a gay man sex discrimination? ::: Different treatment
based on sex comparison
Answer:
●● Does intent matter under Title VII? ::: No, outcome matters
Answer:
●● Does discrimination against both sexes avoid liability? ::: No
Answer:
●● What interpretive method did Court use? ::: Textualism
Answer:
, ●● What was dissent's main argument? ::: Congress should decide, not
Court
Answer:
●● What statute is at issue in Brnovich? ::: Voting Rights Act Section 2
Answer:
●● What does Section 2 prohibit? ::: Voting discrimination based on race
Answer:
●● What standard did Court emphasize? ::: Totality of circumstances
Answer:
●● What counts as a violation? ::: Less opportunity to vote
Answer:
●● Does mere inconvenience violate VRA? ::: No
Answer:
●● What is "equally open"? ::: Equal opportunity to participate
Answer:
FULL QUESTION SET AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS
●● What did Colorado attempt to do in 303 Creative? ::: Compel speech
through anti-discrimination law
Answer:
●● What type of speech was involved in 303 Creative? ::: Custom,
expressive speech
Answer:
●● What level of scrutiny applied? ::: Strict scrutiny
Answer:
●● What is compelled speech? ::: Government forcing someone to
express a message
Answer:
●● Key holding of 303 Creative? ::: State cannot compel speech
violating beliefs
Answer:
,●● What case precedent supports compelled speech doctrine? ::: West
Virginia v. Barnette
Answer:
●● What is the "marketplace of ideas" principle? ::: Government cannot
restrict viewpoints
Answer:
●● Did the designer refuse customers or messages? ::: Messages
Answer:
●● Why is that distinction important? ::: Message vs status
discrimination
Answer:
●● What statute was interpreted in Bostock? ::: Title VII of Civil Rights
Act
Answer:
●● What does Title VII prohibit? ::: Discrimination "because of sex"
Answer:
●● What test did the Court use? ::: But-for causation
,Answer:
●● What is but-for causation? ::: Outcome would change if factor
removed
Answer:
●● What did the Court hold about LGBTQ+ discrimination? ::: It is sex
discrimination
Answer:
●● Why is firing a gay man sex discrimination? ::: Different treatment
based on sex comparison
Answer:
●● Does intent matter under Title VII? ::: No, outcome matters
Answer:
●● Does discrimination against both sexes avoid liability? ::: No
Answer:
●● What interpretive method did Court use? ::: Textualism
Answer:
, ●● What was dissent's main argument? ::: Congress should decide, not
Court
Answer:
●● What statute is at issue in Brnovich? ::: Voting Rights Act Section 2
Answer:
●● What does Section 2 prohibit? ::: Voting discrimination based on race
Answer:
●● What standard did Court emphasize? ::: Totality of circumstances
Answer:
●● What counts as a violation? ::: Less opportunity to vote
Answer:
●● Does mere inconvenience violate VRA? ::: No
Answer:
●● What is "equally open"? ::: Equal opportunity to participate
Answer:
