14.10 Modulation
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* Modulation: Process of altering a carrier wave's properties (amplitude,
frequency, or phase) to encode information.
* Figure 14E.1: Depending on the specific image, if the amplitude varies, it is
AM (Amplitude Modulation); if frequency varies, it is FM (Frequency
Modulation); if phase varies, it is PM (Phase Modulation).
14.16 Examples of Medium Types
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, Coaxial cable, twisted pair, and untwisted pair are examples of guided
media.
13.1 Layers in the TCP/IP-Ethernet Protocol Suite
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* Application Layer (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, DNS)
* Transport Layer (e.g., TCP, UDP)
* Network Layer (e.g., IP)
* Data Link Layer (e.g., Ethernet)
* Physical Layer (e.g., signaling standards like IEEE 802.3)
15.5 Loosely Coupled vs. Tightly Coupled Systems
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* Loosely Coupled: Systems are independent but communicate as needed
(e.g., microservices architecture).
* Tightly Coupled: Systems are interdependent and rely on close
integration (e.g., monolithic applications).
13.5 MAC Address
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, A MAC address is a unique hardware identifier assigned to network
interface cards (NICs). It is used for communication within the same local
network.
14.13 Statistical TDM
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* Addresses: Inefficiency in TDM caused by unused time slots.
* Solution: Dynamically assigns time slots based on active data streams.
14.8 Frequency, Period, and Wavelength Relationship
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1. Frequency (f): Number of oscillations per second (measured in Hz).
2. Period (T): Time it takes to complete one oscillation (T = 1/f).
3. Wavelength (λ): Distance the wave travels in one period (λ = v/f, where v
= velocity of propagation).
14.9 Spectrum and Bandwidth
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1. Spectrum: Range of frequencies contained in a signal.
2. Bandwidth: Difference between the highest and lowest frequencies in a
signal's spectrum. Bandwidth determines a channel's data capacity.
Give this one a try later!
* Modulation: Process of altering a carrier wave's properties (amplitude,
frequency, or phase) to encode information.
* Figure 14E.1: Depending on the specific image, if the amplitude varies, it is
AM (Amplitude Modulation); if frequency varies, it is FM (Frequency
Modulation); if phase varies, it is PM (Phase Modulation).
14.16 Examples of Medium Types
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, Coaxial cable, twisted pair, and untwisted pair are examples of guided
media.
13.1 Layers in the TCP/IP-Ethernet Protocol Suite
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* Application Layer (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, DNS)
* Transport Layer (e.g., TCP, UDP)
* Network Layer (e.g., IP)
* Data Link Layer (e.g., Ethernet)
* Physical Layer (e.g., signaling standards like IEEE 802.3)
15.5 Loosely Coupled vs. Tightly Coupled Systems
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* Loosely Coupled: Systems are independent but communicate as needed
(e.g., microservices architecture).
* Tightly Coupled: Systems are interdependent and rely on close
integration (e.g., monolithic applications).
13.5 MAC Address
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, A MAC address is a unique hardware identifier assigned to network
interface cards (NICs). It is used for communication within the same local
network.
14.13 Statistical TDM
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* Addresses: Inefficiency in TDM caused by unused time slots.
* Solution: Dynamically assigns time slots based on active data streams.
14.8 Frequency, Period, and Wavelength Relationship
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1. Frequency (f): Number of oscillations per second (measured in Hz).
2. Period (T): Time it takes to complete one oscillation (T = 1/f).
3. Wavelength (λ): Distance the wave travels in one period (λ = v/f, where v
= velocity of propagation).
14.9 Spectrum and Bandwidth
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1. Spectrum: Range of frequencies contained in a signal.
2. Bandwidth: Difference between the highest and lowest frequencies in a
signal's spectrum. Bandwidth determines a channel's data capacity.
