NHM 454 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 2025!!
What determines if a compound can act as an antioxidant? - DETAILED ANSWER-if a compound
can donate a hydrogen or electron and not become a radical itself, it is a compound with
antioxidant potential. It is all about the chemical structure of the compound.
What does oxidation and reduction reactions involve? - DETAILED ANSWER-involves the transfer
of oxygen, hydrogen, or electrons
What is oxidation and reduction reactions commonly referred to as? - DETAILED ANSWER-redox
reactions
What is an antioxidants? - DETAILED ANSWER-substances which markedly delay or prevent the
oxidation of a substrate
What are the antioxidant actions in a compound? - DETAILED ANSWER-3 ways: 1) they can
donate hydrogen or electon to a free radical;; 2) bind metals or compounds that can initate
oxidation;; 3)antioxidant can bind to free radical (servces as stabilizer)
What is oxidation by O2? reduction? - DETAILED ANSWER-gain of oxygen --- loss of oxygen
,What is redox reaction by H transfer? - DETAILED ANSWER-oxidation = loss of a hydrogen ----
reduction = gain of a hydrogen
What is redox reaction by electron transfer? - DETAILED ANSWER-oxidation = loss of electrons ---
reduction = gain of electrons
What is the compound stability based on? - DETAILED ANSWER-the instability of the valence
shell is in free radicals and where antioxidants come in
Can an O2 become a free radical? How? - DETAILED ANSWER-Yes becuase of their role in
generation of ATP -- terminal electron acceptor in mitochondria that in its ground state, oxygen
has two unpaired electrons in outer shell. electrons have the same spin, so oxygen can only
receive one electron at a time int he ETC. the rate of the elctrons in ETC stomeimes slows or
speeds --> free electron linkage occurs. when they link the readily bind oxygen, if the rate
excessed the ability of oxygen to bind, free radicals will form due to a leark OR superoxide can
form from the slowing flow that causes a oxygen to spin out with one free valence electron in
cell
What are the health benefits of cranberries and why? - DETAILED ANSWER-promotes urinary
tract healht by preventing the bacterial adherence to mucosal surfaces in the bladder by the
fact the phenolic compounds attack to the mucousal surfaces of the bladder and prevent
bacteria from attaching & it lowers pH in the bladder, which doesn't allow bacteria to grow ---
promotion of oral health adn gut health -- potential therapeutic benefits
What are the potential therapeutic benefits? - DETAILED ANSWER-anti-inflammatory,
anticarcinogenic, vasodilatory, antioxidant
What is important when ingesting cranberries? - DETAILED ANSWER-eat in food matrix due to
other compounds mediating food absorption
What is resveratrol? Found in? - DETAILED ANSWER-stillbene phenolic compound with
hydrophilic and lipophilic properties -- grapes (red)
, What is the benefits of resveratrol? - DETAILED ANSWER-powerful antioxidant --
anticarcinogenic throughout tumor formation and growth -- slows oxidation of LDL cholesterol --
impact on blood vessels, immune-functioning, circulation (vasodilation)
How did they found out the benefits of grapes? - DETAILED ANSWER-french have increased sat
fat, but resveratrol keeps them healthy through eating grapes and wine
How much of oxygen results in production of reactive oxygen species? - DETAILED ANSWER-25%
of oxygen in gneeration of ATP
What is a source of oxidative stress? Why? Quenches this stress? - DETAILED ANSWER-exercise is
a source of oxidative stress due to increase O2 intake --- food quenches it
What is superoxide? - DETAILED ANSWER-an oxygen that became a free radical due to the
unpaired valence electron in its outer cell
What is ROS? - DETAILED ANSWER-free radicals containing O2
What are examples of ROS? - DETAILED ANSWER-hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydrogen
peroxide, peroxyl radical, etc.
What does excess ROS do? - DETAILED ANSWER-overwhelms protective enzymes resulting in
oxidative stress
What is the most potent radical? - DETAILED ANSWER-oxygen
What is endogenous antiodixant enzymes? - DETAILED ANSWER-superoxide dismutase,
gluathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathone reductase
SOLUTIONS 2025!!
What determines if a compound can act as an antioxidant? - DETAILED ANSWER-if a compound
can donate a hydrogen or electron and not become a radical itself, it is a compound with
antioxidant potential. It is all about the chemical structure of the compound.
What does oxidation and reduction reactions involve? - DETAILED ANSWER-involves the transfer
of oxygen, hydrogen, or electrons
What is oxidation and reduction reactions commonly referred to as? - DETAILED ANSWER-redox
reactions
What is an antioxidants? - DETAILED ANSWER-substances which markedly delay or prevent the
oxidation of a substrate
What are the antioxidant actions in a compound? - DETAILED ANSWER-3 ways: 1) they can
donate hydrogen or electon to a free radical;; 2) bind metals or compounds that can initate
oxidation;; 3)antioxidant can bind to free radical (servces as stabilizer)
What is oxidation by O2? reduction? - DETAILED ANSWER-gain of oxygen --- loss of oxygen
,What is redox reaction by H transfer? - DETAILED ANSWER-oxidation = loss of a hydrogen ----
reduction = gain of a hydrogen
What is redox reaction by electron transfer? - DETAILED ANSWER-oxidation = loss of electrons ---
reduction = gain of electrons
What is the compound stability based on? - DETAILED ANSWER-the instability of the valence
shell is in free radicals and where antioxidants come in
Can an O2 become a free radical? How? - DETAILED ANSWER-Yes becuase of their role in
generation of ATP -- terminal electron acceptor in mitochondria that in its ground state, oxygen
has two unpaired electrons in outer shell. electrons have the same spin, so oxygen can only
receive one electron at a time int he ETC. the rate of the elctrons in ETC stomeimes slows or
speeds --> free electron linkage occurs. when they link the readily bind oxygen, if the rate
excessed the ability of oxygen to bind, free radicals will form due to a leark OR superoxide can
form from the slowing flow that causes a oxygen to spin out with one free valence electron in
cell
What are the health benefits of cranberries and why? - DETAILED ANSWER-promotes urinary
tract healht by preventing the bacterial adherence to mucosal surfaces in the bladder by the
fact the phenolic compounds attack to the mucousal surfaces of the bladder and prevent
bacteria from attaching & it lowers pH in the bladder, which doesn't allow bacteria to grow ---
promotion of oral health adn gut health -- potential therapeutic benefits
What are the potential therapeutic benefits? - DETAILED ANSWER-anti-inflammatory,
anticarcinogenic, vasodilatory, antioxidant
What is important when ingesting cranberries? - DETAILED ANSWER-eat in food matrix due to
other compounds mediating food absorption
What is resveratrol? Found in? - DETAILED ANSWER-stillbene phenolic compound with
hydrophilic and lipophilic properties -- grapes (red)
, What is the benefits of resveratrol? - DETAILED ANSWER-powerful antioxidant --
anticarcinogenic throughout tumor formation and growth -- slows oxidation of LDL cholesterol --
impact on blood vessels, immune-functioning, circulation (vasodilation)
How did they found out the benefits of grapes? - DETAILED ANSWER-french have increased sat
fat, but resveratrol keeps them healthy through eating grapes and wine
How much of oxygen results in production of reactive oxygen species? - DETAILED ANSWER-25%
of oxygen in gneeration of ATP
What is a source of oxidative stress? Why? Quenches this stress? - DETAILED ANSWER-exercise is
a source of oxidative stress due to increase O2 intake --- food quenches it
What is superoxide? - DETAILED ANSWER-an oxygen that became a free radical due to the
unpaired valence electron in its outer cell
What is ROS? - DETAILED ANSWER-free radicals containing O2
What are examples of ROS? - DETAILED ANSWER-hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydrogen
peroxide, peroxyl radical, etc.
What does excess ROS do? - DETAILED ANSWER-overwhelms protective enzymes resulting in
oxidative stress
What is the most potent radical? - DETAILED ANSWER-oxygen
What is endogenous antiodixant enzymes? - DETAILED ANSWER-superoxide dismutase,
gluathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathone reductase
