BLD 204 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

BLD 204 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Hyperemia is an active process -- resulting from ateriolar dilation increased blood INFLOW, normal blood outflow Congestion is a passive process -- resulting from decreased OUTFLOW of venous blood from a tissue (ex. from a clot), same inflow - Answers Hyperemia vs. Congestion intima, media, adventitia inner ---- outer - Answers Three layers of a blood vessel lymphatic system - Answers fluid return system regulators that increase activity of smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels - Answers PDGF thrombin IFN-gamma IL-1 endothelin regulators that decrease activity of smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels - Answers NO heparin sulfate TGF Albumin - Answers what protein plays an important role in keeping fluid in the vasculature Hemmorrhage - Answers blood leaving the vasculature Petechiae - Answers pinpoint purple or red spots from small hemorrhages under the skin Purpura - Answers the appearance of multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin Ecchymoses - Answers larger blue or purplish patches on the skin (what we commonly call bruises) Hemostasis - Answers to stop or control bleeding the body's balance of clotting and bleeding hemostasis is a balance between the fibrinolytic system and the coagulation cascade - Answers hemostasis is a balance between the fibrinolytic system and the coagulation cascade endothelium platelets coagulation cascade - Answers three important elements of hemostasis 1) Vasoconstriction 2) Platelet plug (primary hemostasis) 3) Coagulation cascade 4) Stable clot formation (secondary hemostasis) 5) Fibrinolytic system - Answers five steps of hemostasis damage to the endothelial layer exposes it to the ECM. platelets then are able to go through adherence activation aggregation - Answers damage to the endothelial layer exposes it to the ECM. platelets then are able to go through adherence activation aggregation alpha granules dense bodies cytoskeleton integrins - Answers components of platelets Platelet adhesion - Answers when the endothelium is damaged, collagen is released from the ECM. endothelial cells make and secrete vWF normally. if collagen is present, vWF binds to it. platelets have a receptor for vWF called Gp1b, so platelets can bind to vWF Platelet activation - Answers when platelets bind vWF, they change shape. they also release chemical messengers: Ca++ = for coagulation cascade ADP = platelet activator thromboxan (TXA2) = activates platelets, platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction Platelet aggregation - Answers platelets have a receptor on their membrane called GpII/IIIa. fibrinogen binds to these receptors and causes platelets to aggregate (forms fibrinogen bridges). this finishes the platelet plug ("loose thrombus") intrinsic: hageman factor (factor XII) extrinsic: tissue factor (factor VII) - Answers two ways coagulation cascade can be activated to make fibrin - Answers goal of the coagulation cascade? makes the fibrin clot by turning fibrinogen --- fibrin activate platelets, which reinforces the platelet plug activates leukocytes - Answers function of thrombin? secondary hemostasis - Answers the platelet plug is stabilized by thrombin from the coagulation cascade to form a stable fibrin clot. thrombin turns the fibrinogen bridges into fibrin Plasmin degrades fibrin clots it's part of the fibrinolytic system - Answers TTPA (scereted by the endothelium) cleaves plasminogen into plasmin. what is the function of plasmin? what system is it a part of? the endothelium can act as either procoagulation or anticoagulation - Answers the endothelium can act as either procoagulation or anticoagulation natural anticoagulants in the body - Answers antithrombins protein C and S tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) edema - Answers abnormal accumulation of fluid in extravascular spaces (within tissues) normal net loss of fluid from the vasculature to the tissues is returned via the lymphatic system this is like a cleaning system because it runs the fluid through immune-cell rich areas - Answers normal net loss of fluid from the vasculature to the tissues is returned via the lymphatic system this is like a cleaning system because it runs the fluid through immune-cell rich areas exudate - Answers edema due to increased vascular permeability (like in inflammation) has a high protein content Transudate - Answers edema due to increased hydrostatic pressure or reduced proteins in the vasculature 1. increased intracapillary pressure 2. decrease in plamsa colloid osmotic pressure (decreased albumin) 3. lymphatic obstruction 4. retention of salt/water - Answers 4 causes of edema retention of salt and water by the kidneys due to the RAA system (renin-angiotension aldosterone) * another factor is redistribution of fluids (pooling of blood in the veins) - Answers major factor contributing to cardiac edema nephritic syndrome - Answers renal edema relating to transudate nephrotic syndrome - Answers renal edema relating to exudate albumin is lost in the urine, which decreases plasma colloid osmotic pressure nutritional edema - Answers edema caused by prolonged starvation. this causes the individual to lose fat layers, which makes surrounding tissues looser. this decreases tissue tension since there are less layers holding the fluid in. chronic liver disease edema - Answers edema caused primarily from a decrease in albumin. presents as ascites (round belly) pulmonary edema - Answers fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles caused by either: 1. increase in intracapillary pressure 2. increase in capillary permeability 1. inflammation 2. type 1 hypersensitivity 3. occlusive venous thrombosis 4. obstruction of lymphatic system - Answers causes of local edema damage to the endothelium pushes the body towards a pro-coagulation state - Answers damage to the endothelium pushes the body towards a pro-coagulation state stasis increased speed turbulance - Answers examples of changes to blood flow estrogen increases fibrinogen and decreases antithrombin III - Answers how does estrogen (contraceptive pills) increase your risk for thrombosis? Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - Answers blood clots form throughout the body, blocking small blood vessels (hypercoagulation). These abnormal clots use up the blood's clotting factors and platelets, which can lead to massive bleeding episodes. venous thrombosis - Answers The formation of blood clots within a vein a thrombus is a clot that occurs in the wrong place at the wrong time - Answers thrombus vs clot reasons why thrombosis (abnormal clotting) happens 1) change in endothelium 2) change in blood constituents 3) change in blood flow - Answers 3 legs of virchow's triad stasis - Answers slowed blood flow this can cause thrombosis/unwanted clots! embolus - Answers an abnormal mass traveling in the blood stream until in reaches a point in the vasculature which is too small for it to pass through (can get stuck and cause ischemia) Thrombi (blood clots) - Answers most common type of embolus thrombi air nitrogen fat atherosclerotic plaque amniotic fluid bone marrow chunks of tumors - Answers types of emboli pulmonary embolism the emboli travels from the vein and gets stuck in the pulmonary arteries (carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs). can cause occlusion, which leads to increase BP and edema (fluid) in the lungs - Answers deep vein thrombosis (DVT) leads to which type of embolism? Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) - Answers blood clot (thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb most commonly in the knee pit sudden onset shortness of breath (dyspnea) chest pain right sided heart failure shock - Answers symptoms of massive pulmonary embolism clinically silent -- not big enough to cause a problem - Answers symptoms of small pulmonary emboli partial obstruction leads to localized hemorrhage - Answers symptoms of medium pulmonary embolism air emboli - Answers Air bubbles enter the bloodstream from injection, punctured lung, or open vessel. when these travel to the heart, they mix with blood making a frothy mass. this mass can block blood flow fat emboli