1 Anatomy and Physiology
Skeletal and muscular system
Functions of the Skeleton
Skeleton
● The internal framework of the body made by 206 bones
Functions of the skeletal system
1. Shape & support
● Skeleton provides shape and support to the body
● Frame to which our muscles attach and organs sit
ex) when we are running, the vertebral column allows us to keep upright
2. Muscle Attachment for Movement
● Muscles are attached to the skeleton
● Muscles contract about a joint
ex) bicep muscle connects the shoulder and elbow and helps with lifting in weight training
3. Protection for vital organs
● Internal organs are soft and easily damaged
● Vital organs protected by the axial skeleton
ex) the cranium is composed of a group of flat bones to protect the brain (football/heading)
4. Blood cell production
● Centre of some large bones contain red bone marrow
● Creates red blood cells
ex) the femur
Types of bones
1. Long bones
● Acts as levers to produce a large range of movement
● Shart and two ends that is longer than it is wide
ex) femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna
2. Short bones
● Approximately as wide as they are long
● Provide stability and support with little movement
ex) carpals, tarsals
3. Flat bones
● Provide a large surface area for muscles to attach to
● Provide protection for organs
ex) pelvis, cranium, scapula, sternum
4. Irregular bones
, ● Provide protection and support
● Shaped to suit the specific job they have to do
ex) vertebrae
Skeleton
,Joint types
Joint
● A point in the body where two or more bones are joined in a way that allow a different range
of movement/rotation
Joint classification
1. Fixed (fibrous) joints
● Cannot move at all
● Found in the skull
● Bones joint via fibrous connective tissue
2. Freely moveable (synovial) joints
● Greater range of movement
● Include the elbow, shoulder, knee and hips
3. Slightly moveable (cartilaginous) joints
● Can move a small amount as they are linked together with ligaments and cartilage
(which absorbs movement)
● Found in the vertebral column
Types of synovial joints
1. Ball and socket joints
● Provide large range of movement in every direction
● Shoulders and hips
● ex) allows actions such as an overhead clear in badminton and bowling in cricket
2. Hinge joints
● Provides movement in one direction
● Elbow and the knee
● ex) bending/straightening your arms and legs when performing a jump shot in
basketball
, Stability?
Ball and socket joint >> More stable >> Hinge joint
● Wider range of ● Just one direction
movement
● Prone to injury
More motion = less stability = more wear and tearMore susceptibility to injury
Joint structure and function
Synovial joints: parts of the joint
Synovial membrane ● Surrounds the joint capsule with synovial fluid
Synovial fluid ● Acts as a lubricant that reduces friction in the joint
● Allows smoother movement and reduces wear and tear
Joint capsule ● Structure that surrounds and protects the joint, holding the
Skeletal and muscular system
Functions of the Skeleton
Skeleton
● The internal framework of the body made by 206 bones
Functions of the skeletal system
1. Shape & support
● Skeleton provides shape and support to the body
● Frame to which our muscles attach and organs sit
ex) when we are running, the vertebral column allows us to keep upright
2. Muscle Attachment for Movement
● Muscles are attached to the skeleton
● Muscles contract about a joint
ex) bicep muscle connects the shoulder and elbow and helps with lifting in weight training
3. Protection for vital organs
● Internal organs are soft and easily damaged
● Vital organs protected by the axial skeleton
ex) the cranium is composed of a group of flat bones to protect the brain (football/heading)
4. Blood cell production
● Centre of some large bones contain red bone marrow
● Creates red blood cells
ex) the femur
Types of bones
1. Long bones
● Acts as levers to produce a large range of movement
● Shart and two ends that is longer than it is wide
ex) femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna
2. Short bones
● Approximately as wide as they are long
● Provide stability and support with little movement
ex) carpals, tarsals
3. Flat bones
● Provide a large surface area for muscles to attach to
● Provide protection for organs
ex) pelvis, cranium, scapula, sternum
4. Irregular bones
, ● Provide protection and support
● Shaped to suit the specific job they have to do
ex) vertebrae
Skeleton
,Joint types
Joint
● A point in the body where two or more bones are joined in a way that allow a different range
of movement/rotation
Joint classification
1. Fixed (fibrous) joints
● Cannot move at all
● Found in the skull
● Bones joint via fibrous connective tissue
2. Freely moveable (synovial) joints
● Greater range of movement
● Include the elbow, shoulder, knee and hips
3. Slightly moveable (cartilaginous) joints
● Can move a small amount as they are linked together with ligaments and cartilage
(which absorbs movement)
● Found in the vertebral column
Types of synovial joints
1. Ball and socket joints
● Provide large range of movement in every direction
● Shoulders and hips
● ex) allows actions such as an overhead clear in badminton and bowling in cricket
2. Hinge joints
● Provides movement in one direction
● Elbow and the knee
● ex) bending/straightening your arms and legs when performing a jump shot in
basketball
, Stability?
Ball and socket joint >> More stable >> Hinge joint
● Wider range of ● Just one direction
movement
● Prone to injury
More motion = less stability = more wear and tearMore susceptibility to injury
Joint structure and function
Synovial joints: parts of the joint
Synovial membrane ● Surrounds the joint capsule with synovial fluid
Synovial fluid ● Acts as a lubricant that reduces friction in the joint
● Allows smoother movement and reduces wear and tear
Joint capsule ● Structure that surrounds and protects the joint, holding the
