CSO Midterm Exam Questions and Answers
with Verified Solutions | Latest Updated 2026
Binary (Base 2), is the number It represents how computers actually work
system (on/off)
that exists because electrical signals)
Hexadecimal (base 16) exists It is a compact way to represent binary
because (4bits = 1
hex digit)
Decimal (base 10) exists because This is what humans naturally understand
How do we interpret these number with the place value system, every position
systems? represents a power of a base
Converting binary to decimal using place values, base 2
Converting Hexadecimal to place value system, power 16
decimal
Decimal to any base divide by base, use result to divide again
until
result is 0
Binary to Hexadecimal group binary by 4 digits starting from right
, Hexadecimal to binary each hex digit becomes 4 bits
Memory address vs. content Memory address is the location, and
content is
what that address holds
n-bit memory location can store 2^n different values
n-bit memory address can reference 2^n different locations
2^10 1024
2^20 1M (mega)
2^30 1G (giga)
2^40 1T (tera)
Multiplying exponents 2^m+n = 2^m x 2^n
logarithm w/ exponents log2(nxm) = log2(n) + log2(m)
Unsigned Integers Range for n bits 0-2^n -1
8-bit unsigned 0-255
with Verified Solutions | Latest Updated 2026
Binary (Base 2), is the number It represents how computers actually work
system (on/off)
that exists because electrical signals)
Hexadecimal (base 16) exists It is a compact way to represent binary
because (4bits = 1
hex digit)
Decimal (base 10) exists because This is what humans naturally understand
How do we interpret these number with the place value system, every position
systems? represents a power of a base
Converting binary to decimal using place values, base 2
Converting Hexadecimal to place value system, power 16
decimal
Decimal to any base divide by base, use result to divide again
until
result is 0
Binary to Hexadecimal group binary by 4 digits starting from right
, Hexadecimal to binary each hex digit becomes 4 bits
Memory address vs. content Memory address is the location, and
content is
what that address holds
n-bit memory location can store 2^n different values
n-bit memory address can reference 2^n different locations
2^10 1024
2^20 1M (mega)
2^30 1G (giga)
2^40 1T (tera)
Multiplying exponents 2^m+n = 2^m x 2^n
logarithm w/ exponents log2(nxm) = log2(n) + log2(m)
Unsigned Integers Range for n bits 0-2^n -1
8-bit unsigned 0-255
