CRJS 360 Practice Exam || All Accurately Answered.
Aggression correct answers Any behaviour towards another individual that is carried out with a
proximate (immediate) intent to cause harm
Violence correct answers Aggression that has extreme harm as its goal (e.g., death)
Social learning theory correct answers Theory of crime proposed by Ron Akers that suggests that
people commit crime not only as a result of direct reinforcement for criminal behaviour through
a process of operant conditioning but also through vicarious reinforcement by observing others
being rewarded for their criminal behaviour.
First-degree murder correct answers Planned and deliberate or if victim is a peace officer (e.g.,
police officer) or a prison employee (e.g., correctional officer, institutional parole officer) or if
the victim's death is caused while committing or attempting to commit hijacking of an aircraft,
sexual assault, kidnapping, hostage taking, criminal harassment, terrorist activity, use of
explosives in association with a criminal organization, or intimidation
Second-degree murder correct answers Murder that is not first-degree
Mass murderer correct answers Single location with no "cooling off period"
Spree murderer correct answers Two or more locations with no "cooling-off period," often occurs
in context of another crime
Serial murderer correct answers Different locations, three or more victims, with "cooling-off
period," and most are male, kill alone, are white, and usually victimize young female strangers
4 major types of serial murderers. correct answers Visionary, mission-oriented serial murderer,
hedonistic, and power/control
,Visionary killer correct answers Psychotic and suffers severe break with reality with an inner
voice or apparition that commands him or her to kill
Infanticide correct answers When a female, by a willful act or omission, causes the death of her
newly-born child
Two subtypes of mission-oriented serial killers correct answers Demon-mandated and God-
mandated
Multiple murders is usually defined as correct answers killing three or more victims
Multiple murders can be divided into correct answers mass murder, spree murder, and serial
murder
Mission-oriented serial murderer correct answers Not psychotic, takes upon himself to rid the
world or community of a group of people that he considers to be undesirable
Three subtypes of Hedonistic serialists correct answers Lust, thrill, comfort
Power/control killer correct answers Desires total capture of victim and wants to hold fate of
victim in his hands
Lust killers and thrill killers correct answers Both have made an integral connection between
personal violence and sexual gratification. However, gross acts of necrophilia may accompany
the process-kill for the lust killer. With the thrill killer, the victim must be alive so that the killer
can feed off the terror that the victim is experiencing
Comfort killers correct answers The killer murders for anticipated materialistic gains (money,
business, or other financial reasons)
,Crime determinants correct answers distal and proximal
crime determinant, distal correct answers historical
crime determinant, proximal correct answers immediate or situational
Criminal behaviour correct answers Intentional and violates a criminal code and does not occur
accidentally or without justification of excuse
Central 8 risk factors correct answers 1. history of antisocial behaviour 2. antisocial personality
pattern 3. antisocial cognition 4. antisocial associates 5. family and/or marital 6. school and/or
work 7. leisure and/or recreation 8. and substance abuse.
Central Eight correct answers The eight most strongly identified risk factors, as identified
through meta-analysis.
child abuse correct answers Any act or omission that results in harm or threatened harm to the
health or welfare of a child.
Evidence-based practice correct answers Integration of clinical expertise, patient values, and best
research evidence into decision making process for patient care
6 factors of strong theory correct answers 1. Parsimonious 2. identifies causal mechanisms 3.
corresponding mediators and moderators underlying the phenomenon of interest 4. is testable
and hence falsifiable via hypotheses and predictions 5. is based on empirical data and is modified
in response to new data 6. possesses interdisciplinary compatibility, and respects gender,
ethnicity, and culture
Natural selection correct answers Primary mechanism through which evolution created all
species. Works by allowing the "trait" that bestowed a reproductive fitness advantage to be
, "selected" for in the sense that those with the trait lived long enough to procreate and pass it on
the next generation.
phenotype correct answers An individual's observed property or how one's genotype is actually
expressed. For example, a genotype may have a recessive gene for blue eyes but a phenotype
may be for brown eyes.
Classical conditioning correct answers A form of learning that takes place when an
unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) that produces an unconditioned response (e.g., salivation) is
paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone) such that, over time, a conditioned response
(e.g., salivation) is reproduced using only the conditioned stimulus.
Operant conditioning correct answers A form of learning that takes place by experiencing
environmental consequences caused by behaviour, especially reinforcement and punishment.
Monozygotic (MZ) are correct answers Genetically identical -
Crime correct answers Offence that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law
Examples of psychodynamic theories correct answers Bowlby's Theory of Maternal Deprivation
and Hirschi's Control Theories such as his general theory of crime
Hirschi's social control theory correct answers People don't violate law because of social controls
biological theories of crime—while not discounting the importance of social factors—tend to
focus on correct answers the impact of physiological, biochemical, neurological, and/or genetic
factors.
Sutherland differential association theory correct answers Theory of crime proposed by Edwin
Sutherland that suggests that people commit crime when they are exposed (e.g., in intimate
Aggression correct answers Any behaviour towards another individual that is carried out with a
proximate (immediate) intent to cause harm
Violence correct answers Aggression that has extreme harm as its goal (e.g., death)
Social learning theory correct answers Theory of crime proposed by Ron Akers that suggests that
people commit crime not only as a result of direct reinforcement for criminal behaviour through
a process of operant conditioning but also through vicarious reinforcement by observing others
being rewarded for their criminal behaviour.
First-degree murder correct answers Planned and deliberate or if victim is a peace officer (e.g.,
police officer) or a prison employee (e.g., correctional officer, institutional parole officer) or if
the victim's death is caused while committing or attempting to commit hijacking of an aircraft,
sexual assault, kidnapping, hostage taking, criminal harassment, terrorist activity, use of
explosives in association with a criminal organization, or intimidation
Second-degree murder correct answers Murder that is not first-degree
Mass murderer correct answers Single location with no "cooling off period"
Spree murderer correct answers Two or more locations with no "cooling-off period," often occurs
in context of another crime
Serial murderer correct answers Different locations, three or more victims, with "cooling-off
period," and most are male, kill alone, are white, and usually victimize young female strangers
4 major types of serial murderers. correct answers Visionary, mission-oriented serial murderer,
hedonistic, and power/control
,Visionary killer correct answers Psychotic and suffers severe break with reality with an inner
voice or apparition that commands him or her to kill
Infanticide correct answers When a female, by a willful act or omission, causes the death of her
newly-born child
Two subtypes of mission-oriented serial killers correct answers Demon-mandated and God-
mandated
Multiple murders is usually defined as correct answers killing three or more victims
Multiple murders can be divided into correct answers mass murder, spree murder, and serial
murder
Mission-oriented serial murderer correct answers Not psychotic, takes upon himself to rid the
world or community of a group of people that he considers to be undesirable
Three subtypes of Hedonistic serialists correct answers Lust, thrill, comfort
Power/control killer correct answers Desires total capture of victim and wants to hold fate of
victim in his hands
Lust killers and thrill killers correct answers Both have made an integral connection between
personal violence and sexual gratification. However, gross acts of necrophilia may accompany
the process-kill for the lust killer. With the thrill killer, the victim must be alive so that the killer
can feed off the terror that the victim is experiencing
Comfort killers correct answers The killer murders for anticipated materialistic gains (money,
business, or other financial reasons)
,Crime determinants correct answers distal and proximal
crime determinant, distal correct answers historical
crime determinant, proximal correct answers immediate or situational
Criminal behaviour correct answers Intentional and violates a criminal code and does not occur
accidentally or without justification of excuse
Central 8 risk factors correct answers 1. history of antisocial behaviour 2. antisocial personality
pattern 3. antisocial cognition 4. antisocial associates 5. family and/or marital 6. school and/or
work 7. leisure and/or recreation 8. and substance abuse.
Central Eight correct answers The eight most strongly identified risk factors, as identified
through meta-analysis.
child abuse correct answers Any act or omission that results in harm or threatened harm to the
health or welfare of a child.
Evidence-based practice correct answers Integration of clinical expertise, patient values, and best
research evidence into decision making process for patient care
6 factors of strong theory correct answers 1. Parsimonious 2. identifies causal mechanisms 3.
corresponding mediators and moderators underlying the phenomenon of interest 4. is testable
and hence falsifiable via hypotheses and predictions 5. is based on empirical data and is modified
in response to new data 6. possesses interdisciplinary compatibility, and respects gender,
ethnicity, and culture
Natural selection correct answers Primary mechanism through which evolution created all
species. Works by allowing the "trait" that bestowed a reproductive fitness advantage to be
, "selected" for in the sense that those with the trait lived long enough to procreate and pass it on
the next generation.
phenotype correct answers An individual's observed property or how one's genotype is actually
expressed. For example, a genotype may have a recessive gene for blue eyes but a phenotype
may be for brown eyes.
Classical conditioning correct answers A form of learning that takes place when an
unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) that produces an unconditioned response (e.g., salivation) is
paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone) such that, over time, a conditioned response
(e.g., salivation) is reproduced using only the conditioned stimulus.
Operant conditioning correct answers A form of learning that takes place by experiencing
environmental consequences caused by behaviour, especially reinforcement and punishment.
Monozygotic (MZ) are correct answers Genetically identical -
Crime correct answers Offence that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law
Examples of psychodynamic theories correct answers Bowlby's Theory of Maternal Deprivation
and Hirschi's Control Theories such as his general theory of crime
Hirschi's social control theory correct answers People don't violate law because of social controls
biological theories of crime—while not discounting the importance of social factors—tend to
focus on correct answers the impact of physiological, biochemical, neurological, and/or genetic
factors.
Sutherland differential association theory correct answers Theory of crime proposed by Edwin
Sutherland that suggests that people commit crime when they are exposed (e.g., in intimate
