CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND ASSESSMENT
OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE STUDY GUIDE 2026
TESTED QUESTIONS AND PRACTICE
SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of an obstructive disease?
Answer: 1. Flow of gases into and out of the lungs is impeded.
2. Decreased airflow, usually worse on exhalation.
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of a restrictive disease?
Answer: 1. Volumes are reduced.
2. Changes in the lung parenchyma (tissue)
◉ Name the obstructive diseases...
Answer: 1. Cystic fibrosis.
2. Bronchitis.
3. Asthma.
4. Bronchiectasis.
5. Emphysema.
Acronym: C-BABE
,◉ Name the restrictive diseases...
Answer: 1. Pneumonia.
2. Pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Pulmonary edema.
4. Atelectasis.
5. Obesity.
Anything you can think of except C-BABE.
◉ The acronym COPD stands for...
Answer: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, it consists of
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema, a term referring to two lung
disease's which often occur simultaneously.
◉ Definition of COPD...
Answer: a preventable and treatable disease with some significant
extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in
individual patients. Its pulmonary component is characterized by
airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.
◉ The definition for Chronic Bronchitis is...
Answer: A chronic and productive cough for 3 months in each of 2
successive years in a patient where all other causes of a productive
cough have been ruled out.
,◉ List the anatomic alterations of chronic bronchitis...
Answer: 1. Conducting airways, particularly the bronchi, primarily.
2. Chronic inflammation & swelling of the walls of the
peripheral airways.
3. Excessive mucus production and accumulation.
4. Partial or total mucus plugging.
5. Smooth muscle construction (bronchospasm).
6. Air trapping and hyperinflation of alveoli.
◉ The definition of Emphysema is...
Answer: The presence of permanent enlargement of the airspaces
distal to the terminal bronchioles, accomplished by destruction of
their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
◉ List the anatomic alterations of emphysema...
Answer: 1. Weakening and permanent enlargement of the
airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles
and destruction of alveolar walls.
2. Adjacent capillaries destroyed, resulting in
decreased surface area for gas exchange.
3. Weakening of distal airways, respiratory
bronchioles.
, 4. Air trapping and hyperinflation.
◉ List the two major types of emphysema...
Answer: 1. Panlobular (aka: panacinar).
2. Centrilobular (aka: centriacinar).
◉ Define panlobular (panacinar)...
Answer: Abnormal weakening and enlargement of all air spaces
distal to the terminal bronchioles. This includes respiratory
bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. Most severe
form, often associated with a deficiency in alpha 1 antitrypsin.
◉ Define centrilobular (centriacinar)...
Answer: Involves the respiratory bronchioles in the proximal
portion. Most common form, strongly associated with cigarette
smoking and chronic btonchitis.
◉ List some COPD risk factors...
Answer: 1. Tobacco smoke.
2. Occupational dust and chemicals.
3. Indoor and outdoor pollutions.
4. Conditions affecting lung development of fetus.
5. Genetic disposition: alpha 1 antitrypsin defiency (major
OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE STUDY GUIDE 2026
TESTED QUESTIONS AND PRACTICE
SOLUTION GRADED A+
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of an obstructive disease?
Answer: 1. Flow of gases into and out of the lungs is impeded.
2. Decreased airflow, usually worse on exhalation.
◉ What are the signs and symptoms of a restrictive disease?
Answer: 1. Volumes are reduced.
2. Changes in the lung parenchyma (tissue)
◉ Name the obstructive diseases...
Answer: 1. Cystic fibrosis.
2. Bronchitis.
3. Asthma.
4. Bronchiectasis.
5. Emphysema.
Acronym: C-BABE
,◉ Name the restrictive diseases...
Answer: 1. Pneumonia.
2. Pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Pulmonary edema.
4. Atelectasis.
5. Obesity.
Anything you can think of except C-BABE.
◉ The acronym COPD stands for...
Answer: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, it consists of
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema, a term referring to two lung
disease's which often occur simultaneously.
◉ Definition of COPD...
Answer: a preventable and treatable disease with some significant
extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in
individual patients. Its pulmonary component is characterized by
airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.
◉ The definition for Chronic Bronchitis is...
Answer: A chronic and productive cough for 3 months in each of 2
successive years in a patient where all other causes of a productive
cough have been ruled out.
,◉ List the anatomic alterations of chronic bronchitis...
Answer: 1. Conducting airways, particularly the bronchi, primarily.
2. Chronic inflammation & swelling of the walls of the
peripheral airways.
3. Excessive mucus production and accumulation.
4. Partial or total mucus plugging.
5. Smooth muscle construction (bronchospasm).
6. Air trapping and hyperinflation of alveoli.
◉ The definition of Emphysema is...
Answer: The presence of permanent enlargement of the airspaces
distal to the terminal bronchioles, accomplished by destruction of
their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
◉ List the anatomic alterations of emphysema...
Answer: 1. Weakening and permanent enlargement of the
airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles
and destruction of alveolar walls.
2. Adjacent capillaries destroyed, resulting in
decreased surface area for gas exchange.
3. Weakening of distal airways, respiratory
bronchioles.
, 4. Air trapping and hyperinflation.
◉ List the two major types of emphysema...
Answer: 1. Panlobular (aka: panacinar).
2. Centrilobular (aka: centriacinar).
◉ Define panlobular (panacinar)...
Answer: Abnormal weakening and enlargement of all air spaces
distal to the terminal bronchioles. This includes respiratory
bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. Most severe
form, often associated with a deficiency in alpha 1 antitrypsin.
◉ Define centrilobular (centriacinar)...
Answer: Involves the respiratory bronchioles in the proximal
portion. Most common form, strongly associated with cigarette
smoking and chronic btonchitis.
◉ List some COPD risk factors...
Answer: 1. Tobacco smoke.
2. Occupational dust and chemicals.
3. Indoor and outdoor pollutions.
4. Conditions affecting lung development of fetus.
5. Genetic disposition: alpha 1 antitrypsin defiency (major
