BIOL 1720.001 Exam 1 Study guide (Summer 2026)
Prokaryotes – Bacteria and Archaea (Chapter 24)
Key Terms
Prokaryotes Endospore Conjugation
Bacteria Fimbriae / Pili Metabolic diversity
Archaea Endospore Extremophiles
Peptidoglycan Flagella Thermophiles
Outer membrane Nucleoid and Plasmid Halophiles
Gram stain Binary fission Methanogens
Gram-positive Genetic recombination Three-domain system
Gram-negative Transformation
Capsule Transduction
Practice Questions
1. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
2. How do Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ structurally and functionally?
3. What are the processes that contribute to genetic variation in prokaryotes? Explain.
4. Describe the three mechanisms of genetic recombination in prokaryotes.
5. What roles do fimbriae, pili, and flagella play in bacterial life?
6. Explain what extremophiles are and give examples.
7. What is an endospore, and why is it important for bacterial survival?
, Protists (Chapter 25)
Key Terms
Protist Heterotrophic Green algae
Photoautotroph Alphaproteobacteria Diatoms
Heterotroph Cyanobacteria Dinoflagellates
Mixotroph Secondary endosymbiosis Slime molds
Endosymbiosis Brown algae
Primary endosymbiosis Red algae
Practice Questions
1. Explain the importance of endosymbiosis in eukaryotic evolution, focusing on the evolution of
mitochondria and plastids such as chloroplast.
2. What are the different roles of protists in ecological communities?
Fungi (Chapter 26)
Key Terms
Heterotrophs Mycelium Plasmogamy
Hydrolytic enzymes Molds Heterokaryon
Decomposers Yeasts Karyogamy
Parasites Mycorrhizae Meiosis
Mutualists Arbuscular mycorrhizal Mitosis
fungi
Hyphae Budding
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
Fruiting body (spore Lichens
producing structures) Pheromones
Soredia
Practice Questions
1. List and describe the major structural features of a fungus.
2. List and describe the steps of a generalized life cycle of fungi (both sexual and asexual).
Prokaryotes – Bacteria and Archaea (Chapter 24)
Key Terms
Prokaryotes Endospore Conjugation
Bacteria Fimbriae / Pili Metabolic diversity
Archaea Endospore Extremophiles
Peptidoglycan Flagella Thermophiles
Outer membrane Nucleoid and Plasmid Halophiles
Gram stain Binary fission Methanogens
Gram-positive Genetic recombination Three-domain system
Gram-negative Transformation
Capsule Transduction
Practice Questions
1. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
2. How do Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ structurally and functionally?
3. What are the processes that contribute to genetic variation in prokaryotes? Explain.
4. Describe the three mechanisms of genetic recombination in prokaryotes.
5. What roles do fimbriae, pili, and flagella play in bacterial life?
6. Explain what extremophiles are and give examples.
7. What is an endospore, and why is it important for bacterial survival?
, Protists (Chapter 25)
Key Terms
Protist Heterotrophic Green algae
Photoautotroph Alphaproteobacteria Diatoms
Heterotroph Cyanobacteria Dinoflagellates
Mixotroph Secondary endosymbiosis Slime molds
Endosymbiosis Brown algae
Primary endosymbiosis Red algae
Practice Questions
1. Explain the importance of endosymbiosis in eukaryotic evolution, focusing on the evolution of
mitochondria and plastids such as chloroplast.
2. What are the different roles of protists in ecological communities?
Fungi (Chapter 26)
Key Terms
Heterotrophs Mycelium Plasmogamy
Hydrolytic enzymes Molds Heterokaryon
Decomposers Yeasts Karyogamy
Parasites Mycorrhizae Meiosis
Mutualists Arbuscular mycorrhizal Mitosis
fungi
Hyphae Budding
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
Fruiting body (spore Lichens
producing structures) Pheromones
Soredia
Practice Questions
1. List and describe the major structural features of a fungus.
2. List and describe the steps of a generalized life cycle of fungi (both sexual and asexual).
